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There are various golf trophies handed out today as part of the professional golf series. The majority of these trophies were founded between 1970 and today. But there is one that hails from the 1930s, representing the age and long time love people have for the game of golf.

The Vardon Golf Trophy

The Vardon Golf Trophy is not given to a player that wins one golfing event, rather to the player that accumulates the highest scoring average throughout one season of golf. Established by the PGA of America in 1937, this golf trophy is the oldest known professional award in golf. The history of the Vardon Golf Trophy is far more interesting than some golf lovers may know. The award was ceased from 1942 until 1946 due to the financial crisis associated with World War II. When the golf trophy was given again in 1947, the player with the lowest scoring average was celebrated with the Vardon Golf Trophy. In 1988, the golf trophy rules changed again as golfers with the lowest adjusted score with a 60 game minimum was awarded with the Vardon golf trophy. The Vardon Golf Trophy is named for a British golf legend, Harry Vardon.

The Charles Schwab Cup

Moving from the oldest golf trophy to the newest, the Charles Schwab Cup is given to the golfer with the highest amount of points in a season. These points, however, are not linked to the number of tournaments won, but rather to the amount of money won in each tournament. Suffice it to say, the Charles Schwab Cup can be awarded to a golfer that never won a single tournament but finished high in every tournament. In this way, this golf trophy is a true representation of success in today’s world. As all people know, golfing is a sport played for fun, but also a sport played as part of earning a living. The Charles Schwab Cup is a celebration of earning a successful living.

The Tours in Golf

There are three different golf tours that hand our golf trophies every year. These are the PGA Tour, the Champions Tour and the European Tour. The PGA Tour, by far, hands out the most golf trophies every year with seven trophies in all. The Champions Tour falls closely behind with six total golf trophies. The European Tour hands out only one golf trophy each year; the Order of Merit.

A lot has changed in golf through the years and along with that change has come a change in trophies and how they are handed out. Today, gold trophies are handed out for money, fame and expertise.

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Events

List of years in music (Table)

1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953

1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960

1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967

Related time period or subjects

1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960

1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s

19th century 20th century 21st century

Art Archaeology Architecture Literature Music Science more

January 5 – Renato Carosone and his band start their American tour in Cuba.

January 6 – Elvis Presley makes final appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show.

January 16 – The Cavern Club opens in Liverpool, England

Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel name themselves Tom and Jerry and begin their recording career, signing with Sid Prosen of Big Records. Their first single, “Hey, Schoolgirl”, backed with “Dancin’ Wild”, hit #49 on the Billboard pop charts. Garfunkel was Tom Graph (so called because he like to write the pop charts out on graph paper) and Simon was Jerry Landis, a pseudonym he used during his early 1960s solo recordings. They toured for eighteen months before retiring to become college students and then reforming in 1963 as Simon and Garfunkel.

February 8 – Bo Diddley records his songs “Hey Bo Diddley” and “Mona” (aka “I Need You Baby”).

March – Chicago’s Cardinal Stritch bans all rock and roll and rhythm and blues music from Catholic-run schools, saying that “its rhythms encourage young people to behave in a hedonistic manner.”

March 3 – The second annual Eurovision Song Contest is staged in Frankfurt am Main, West Germany. The contest is won by Dutch singer Corry Brokken with the song Net als toen.

March 19 – Elvis Presley purchases a mansion in Memphis, Tennessee and calls it Graceland.

May 14 In Paris, Heitor Villa-Lobos records his Bachiana Brasileira No. 4, with the Orchestre Nationale de la Radiodiffusion Franaise, for EMI.

May 14ay 21 In Paris, Heitor Villa-Lobos records his Bachiana Brasileira No. 7 with the Orchestre Nationale de la Radiodiffusion Franaise, for EMI.

May 21 In Paris, Heitor Villa-Lobos records his Bachiana Brasileira No. 3, with Manoel Braune, piano, and the Orchestre Nationale de la Radiodiffusion Franaise, for EMI.

May 24 Henri Bronschwak violin) and Jacques Nailz (cello) record the Deux Chros (bis) by Heitor Villa-Lobos in the presence of the composer, for EMI.

July 6 – John Lennon and Paul McCartney (The Beatles) first meet at St. Peter’s Church garden fete in Liverpool, England.

August 5 – American Bandstand begins its 30 year syndicated run on US network television

September 19 – Dalida is the first artist to be awarded a gold record in France for 300 000 sales of “Bambino”. That year, she’s also the first female recording artist to have her own fan club.

Leonard Bernstein completes work on West Side Story.

American Bandstand premieres on television.

The Casals Festival is founded in Puerto Rico.

Pat Boone stars in his first two Hollywood motion pictures: Bernadine and April Love (film)

Whatever Will Be, Will Be (Que Sera, Sera) from 1956′s Alfred Hitchcock suspense film, The Man Who Knew Too Much, wins the Academy Award for Best Song. Sung by Doris Day in the film, it proved to be one of her biggest hit records as well.

When Nat King Cole’s television show is unable to get a sponsor, Frankie Laine becomes the first artist to cross TV’s color line. Becoming the first white artist to appear as a guest, foregoing his usual salary of $10,000.00 as Cole’s sustainer show only paid scale. Other top performers followed suit, including Mel Torm and Tony Bennett, but despite an increase in ratings, the show still fails to pick up a national sponsor.

Gorni Kramer makes his first appearance on Italian television, in Il Musichiere.

Maria Callas is introduced to Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis.

Bands formed

U.S. Navy Steel Band

Albums released

About the Blues – Julie London

After Midnight – Nat King Cole

After School Session – Chuck Berry

Almendra – Aldemaro Romero

Amsterdam Concert – Miles Davis Quintet

Anita Sings the Most – Anita O’Day

April in Paris – Count Basie

Art Pepper Meets the Rhythm Section – Art Pepper

At Mister Kelly’s – Sarah Vaughan

At Newport – Count Basie

At the Gate of Horn – Odetta

Bags’ Groove – Miles Davis

The Beat of My Heart – Tony Bennett

Belafonte Sings of the Caribbean – Harry Belafonte

Bing with a Beat – Bing Crosby

Birth of the Cool – Miles Davis

The Big Beat – Johnnie Ray

Blossom Dearie – Blossom Dearie

A Blowing Session – Johnny Griffin

Blue Starr – Kay Starr

Blue Train – John Coltrane

Blue Trombone – J. J. Johnson

Boy Meets Girl Sammy Davis, Jr.

Brilliant Corners – Thelonious Monk

The Cats – John Coltrane

Cattin’ with Coltrane and Quinichette – John Coltrane & Paul Quinichette

Chet Atkins at Home – Chet Atkins

The “Chirping” Crickets – Buddy Holly & The Crickets (debut)

The Christmas Story – Bing Crosby

Close to You and More – Frank Sinatra

A Closer Walk with Thee – Pat Boone

The Clown – Charles Mingus

Coltrane – John Coltrane

Cookin’ – Paul Gonsalves

Cookin’ with The Miles Davis Quintet – Miles Davis

Criollsima – Aldemaro Romero

Dakar – John Coltrane

Day By Night – Doris Day

The Dealers – John Coltrane & Mal Waldron

Dedicated to You – The “5″ Royales

Double Play! – Russ Freeman & Andr Previn

E=MC – Count Basie

Ella and Louis Again – Ella Fitzgerald & Louis Armstrong

Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Duke Ellington Songbook – Ella Fitzgerald & Duke Ellington

Elvis’ Christmas Album – Elvis Presley

An Evening with Belafonte – Harry Belafonte

Exotica – Martin Denny

Gangster of Love – Johnny “Guitar” Watson

Gene Vincent and His Blue Caps – Gene Vincent

Gogi Grant THE HELEN MORGAN STORY – Gogi Grant

Gogi Grant – Suddenly There’s Gogi Grant – Gogi Grant

Grand Ole Opry’s New Star – George Jones

The Great Ray Charles – Ray Charles

Her Nibs – Georgia Gibbs

Here’s Little Richard – Little Richard

Hi-Fi in Focus – Chet Atkins

Hymns We Love – Pat Boone

I Love John Frigo…He Swings – Johnny Frigo (debut)

Indigos – Duke Ellington

In Las Vegas – Johnnie Ray

Interplay – John Coltrane

It’s All Over but the Swingin’ Sammy Davis, Jr.

Jazz by Sun Ra – Sun Ra

Jim Edward, Maxine, and Bonnie Brown – The Browns (debut)

A Jolly Christmas from Frank Sinatra – Frank Sinatra

Julie – Julie London

Like Someone in Love – Ella Fitzgerald

Losers, Weepers – Kay Starr

Louis Armstrong Meets Oscar Peterson – Louis Armstrong & Oscar Peterson

Love Is the Thing – Nat King Cole

Love Serenade – The Ames Brothers

Loving You (OST) – Elvis Presley

Make Love to Me – Julie London

Mal-2 – Mal Waldron

The Man I Love – Peggy Lee

The Many Sides of Toshiko – Toshiko Akiyoshi

Miguel – Dalida

Miles Ahead – Miles Davis

Mirage – Art Blakey

Moanin’ the Blues – Hank Williams

Monk’s Music – Thelonious Monk

Moondreams – Dick Haymes

Mozart:Clarinet Concerto, Quintet for Clarinet and Strings. Benny Goodman, clarinet, Boston Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Charles Munch); Boston Symphony String Quartet. 12-inch LP. RCA Victor LM 2073.

New Tricks – Bing Crosby

Newk’s Time – Sonny Rollins

Night at the Village Vanguard – Sonny Rollins

No Count Sarah – Sarah Vaughan

Now Hear This – The Hi-Lo’s

Once Over Lightly – Jo Stafford

One Dozen Roses – The Mills Brothers

One O’Clock Jump – Joe Williams

Orgy in Rhythm – Art Blakey

The Pajama Game – Doris Day

Pal Joey with Frank Sinatra

Pat – Pat Boone

Pat Boone Sings Irving Berlin – Pat Boone

Patsy Cline – Patsy Cline

Please, Please, Please – James Brown

Porgy and Bess – Ella Fitzgerald & Louis Armstrong

Pretty Baby – Dean Martin

Quand on n’a que l’amour – Jacques Brel

Ray Charles (or, Hallelujah I Love Her So) – Ray Charles

Relaxin’ with The Miles Davis Quintet – Miles Davis

Ricky – Ricky Nelson (debut)

Ring around Rosie – The Hi-Lo’s

Rockin’ – Frankie Laine

Rockin’ the Oldies – Bill Haley & His Comets

‘Round About Midnight – Miles Davis

Sammy Swings Sammy Davis, Jr.

Sea Shells – Peggy Lee

Sing a Song of Basie – Lambert, Hendricks & Ross

Sometimes I’m Happy, Sometimes I’m Blue – Jill Corey

Son nom est Dalida – Dalida

Songs for Inspiration & Meditation – Jo Stafford

Songs of Scotland – Jo Stafford

Soulville – Ben Webster

The Sounds of Christmas Harmony – The Ames Brothers

Such Sweet Thunder – Duke Ellington

Suddenly It’s The Hi-Lo’s – The Hi-Lo’s

Sweet Seventeen – The Ames Brothers

A Swingin’ Affair! – Frank Sinatra

Swingin’ Easy – Sarah Vaughan

Thelonious Monk with John Coltrane – Thelonious Monk & John Coltrane

Theory of Art – Art Blakey

There’ll Always Be A Christmas – The Ames Brothers

Tony – Tony Bennett

Toshiko and Leon Sash at Newport – Toshiko Akiyoshi & Leon Sash

Trane’s Blues – John Coltrane

Traneing In – John Coltrane

Way Out West – Sonny Rollins

We Get Letters – Perry Como

The Weavers at Carnegie Hall – The Weavers

West Side Story – Original Broadway Cast

Wheelin’ & Dealin’ – Mal Waldron, John Coltrane and Frank Wess

Where Are You? – Frank Sinatra

The Wildest! – Louis Prima

Winner’s Circle – Oscar Pettiford

With His Hot and Blue Guitar – Johnny Cash (debut)

World on a String – Red Allen

Biggest hit singles

The following songs achieved the highest chart positions in the charts of 1957.

#

Artist

Title

Year

Country

Chart Entries

1

Elvis Presley

Jailhouse Rock

1957

UK 1 – Jan 1958, US BB 1 – Oct 1957, US BB 1 of 1957, Canada 1 – Oct 1957, DDD 1 of 1957, POP 1 of 1957, Europe 2 of the 1950s, Scrobulate 2 of rockabilly, RYM 3 of 1957, Holland 5 – Jan 1974, France 10 – Dec 1971, US CashBox 11 of 1957, South Africa 11 of 1958, AFI 21, Global 33 (5 M sold) – 1957, Party 54 of 1999, Italy 60 of 1958, Rolling Stone 67, Acclaimed 192, Belgium 214 of all time

2

Paul Anka

Diana

1957

UK 1 – Aug 1957, US BB 1 – Jul 1957, Canada 1 – Jul 1957, Australia 1 for 8 weeks Jun 1957, Italy 2 of 1958, Poland 9 – Apr 1989, US CashBox 13 of 1957, US BB 14 of 1956, POP 14 of 1956, Europe 17 of the 1950s, RYM 17 of 1957, Global 33 (5 M sold) – 1957, DDD 36 of 1957

3

Elvis Presley

All Shook Up

1957

UK 1 – Jun 1957, US BB 1 – Apr 1957, Canada 1 – May 1957, RYM 5 of 1957, US CashBox 8 of 1957, DDD 11 of 1957, Scrobulate 12 of rock & roll, US BB 13 of 1957, POP 13 of 1957, Holland 33 – Jan 2005, Global 33 (5 M sold) – 1957, Europe 78 of the 1950s, Party 179 of 2007, Rolling Stone 352, Acclaimed 835

4

Jerry Lee Lewis

Great Balls of Fire

1957

UK 1 – Dec 1957, RYM 1 of 1957, US BB 2 – Dec 1957, Canada 2 – Dec 1957, DDD 5 of 1957, US BB 14 of 1958, POP 14 of 1958, South Africa 15 of 1958, Holland 27 – Sep 1989, Scrobulate 63 of oldies, RIAA 64, Europe 76 of the 1950s, Acclaimed 86, Rolling Stone 96, Party 242 of 1999

5

Danny & The Juniors

At the Hop

1957

US BB 1 – Dec 1957, Canada 1 – Dec 1957, UK 3 – Jan 1958, US BB 3 of 1958, POP 3 of 1958, South Africa 6 of 1958, US CashBox 10 of 1958, RYM 11 of 1957, DDD 21 of 1957, Europe 73 of the 1950s, RIAA 250, Acclaimed 728

US No. 1 hit singles

These singles reached the top of US Billboard magazine’s charts in 1957.

First week

Number of weeks

Title

Artist

February 9, 1957

1

“Don’t Forbid Me”

Pat Boone

February 16, 1957

6

“Young Love”

Tab Hunter

March 30, 1957

3

“Butterfly”

Andy Williams

April 20, 1957

8

“All Shook Up”

Elvis Presley

July 10, 1957

5

“Love Letters In The Sand”

Pat Boone

July 15, 1957

7

“Teddy Bear”

Elvis Presley

September 2, 1957

5

“Tammy”

Debbie Reynolds

October 7, 1957

2

“Honeycomb”

Jimmie Rodgers

October 21, 1957

2

“Wake Up Little Susie”

The Everly Brothers

November 4, 1957

6

“Jailhouse Rock”

Elvis Presley

December 9, 1957

3

“You Send Me”

Sam Cooke

December 30, 1957

1

“April Love”

Pat Boone

Top hits on record

“All Shook Up” – Elvis Presley

“An Affair To Remember” – Nat King Cole

“And That Reminds Me” – Della Reese

“Almost In Your Arms (Love Theme From Houseboat) – Sophia Loren

“April Love” – Pat Boone

“Around The World” – Nat King Cole

“Bernadine” – Pat Boone

“Black Slacks” – Joe Bennett & the Sparkletones

“Blue Starr” – Kay Starr

“Blueberry Hill” – Fats Domino

“Buenas Noches Mi Amor” – Dalida

“Butterfly” – Andy Williams

“Bye Bye Love” – Everly Brothers

“Chances Are” – Johnny Mathis

“Come Go With Me” – The Dell-Vikings, one of the first integrated groups

“Crazy Street” – Matys Brothers (some sources say 1958)

“Dark Moon” – Gale Storm

“Deep Purple” – Billy Ward & The Dominoes

“Diana” – Paul Anka

“Everyday” – Buddy Holly

“Fascination”, recorded by

Nat King Cole

Jane Morgan & The Troubadors

“Forbidden Fruit” – Anita Ellis

“Four Walls” – Jim Reeves

“Gonna Find Me a Bluebird” – Marvin Rainwater

“Great Balls Of Fire” – Jerry Lee Lewis

“The Greater Sin” – Frankie Laine

“Gunfight At the OK Corral” – Frankie Laine

“Happy, Happy Birthday, Baby” – The Tune Weavers

“Hey, Schoolgirl” – Tom and Jerry

“Histoire d’un amour” – Dalida

“Honeycomb” – Jimmie Rodgers

“Hoot Owl” – Guy Mitchell

“How High The Moon” – Pat Suzuki

“I’m Sorry” – The Platters

“I’m Walking The Floor Over You” – Georgia Gibbs

“It’s Not For Me To Say” – Johnny Mathis

“Jailhouse Rock” – Elvis Presley

“Kisses Sweeter Than Wine” – Jimmie Rodgers

“Last Train to San Fernando” – Johnny Duncan (huge hit in the UK)

“Little Darlin’ ” – The Diamonds, a cover of The Gladiolas’ rhythm and blues hit

“The Lonesome Road” – Frankie Laine

“Starlight” Jack Huddle

“Look Homeward, Angel” – Johnnie Ray

“Love Letters In The Sand” – Pat Boone

“Loving You” – Elvis Presley

“Lucille” – Little Richard

“Maman, la plus belle du monde” – Dalida

“My Special Angel” – Bobby Helms

“Not Fade Away” – Buddy Holly

“Oh Boy” – Buddy Holly

“Old Cape Cod” – Patti Page

“Party Doll” – Buddy Knox

“Peggy Sue” – Buddy Holly

“Pink Champagne” – The Tyrones

“Quand on n’a que l’amour” – Dalida

“Queen Of The Senior Prom” – The Mills Brothers

“Raunchy” – Bill Justis

“Reet Petite” – Jackie Wilson

“Remember You’re Mine” – Pat Boone

“Rock-A-Billy” – Guy Mitchell

“Rock-A-Bye Baby Blues” – Brenda Lee

“Rock and Roll Music” – Chuck Berry

“Round and Round” – Perry Como

“Rumble” — Link Wray, early feedback, only instrumental ever banned

“Searchin’ ” – The Coasters

“Shangri-La” – The Four Coins

“Silent Lips” – Georgia Gibbs

“So Rare” – Jimmy Dorsey

“Stardust” – Nat King Cole

“Sugar Moon” – Pat Boone

“Sugartime” – McGuire Sisters

“Tammy”, recorded by

The Ames Brothers

Debbie Reynolds

“Teddy Bear” – Elvis Presley

“That’ll Be the Day” – The Crickets, Buddy Holly’s group

“3:10 To Yuma” – Frankie Laine

“Too Much” – Elvis Presley

“Too Young To Have A Broken Heart” – Gayla Peevey

“Treat Me Nice” – Elvis Presley

“The Twelfth Of Never” – Johnny Mathis

“Tu n’as pas trs bon caractre” – Dalida

“Tutti Frutti” – Little Richard

“Up Above My Head” – Johnnie Ray and Frankie Laine

“Wake Up Little Susie” – The Everly Brothers

“Walkin’ After Midnight” – Patsy Cline

“When I Fall in Love” – Nat King Cole

“White Silver Sands – Don Rondo

“Who Needs You” – The Four Lads

“Whole Lotta Shakin’ Goin’ On” – Jerry Lee Lewis

“Why Baby, Why” – Pat Boone

“Willie and the Hand Jive” – Johnny Otis

“Witchcraft” – Frank Sinatra

“Wonderful! Wonderful!” – Johnny Mathis

“Words of Love”, recorded by

Buddy Holly

The Diamonds

“You Know How It Is” – Frankie Laine

“You Send Me” – Sam Cooke

“Young Blood” – The Coasters, a two-sided hit with “Searchin”‘

“Young Love”, recorded by

Crew-Cuts

Tab Hunter

Sonny James

Published popular music

“According To My Heart”     w.m. Gary Walker

“An Affair To Remember”     w. Harold Adamson & Leo McCarey m. Harry Warren

“After School”     w.m. Dick Wolf & Warren Nadel

“All Shook Up”     w.m. Otis Blackwell & Elvis Presley

“All The Way”     w. Sammy Cahn m. James Van Heusen

“Almost Paradise”     m. Norman Petty

“Alone (Why Must I Be Alone)”     w. Selma Craft m. Morton Craft

“America”     w. Stephen Sondheim m. Leonard Bernstein

“April Love”     w. Paul Francis Webster m. Sammy Fain

“Are You Sincere?”     w.m. Wayne Walker

“At The Hop”     w.m. Artie Singer, Johnny Medora & Dave White

“Be-Bop Baby”     w.m. Pearl Lenghurst

“Bernadine”     w.m. Johnny Mercer

“Black Slacks”     w.m. Joe Bennett & Jimmy Denton

“Bony Moronie”     w.m. Larry Williams

“The Book Of Love”     w.m. Warren Davies, George Malone & Charles Patrick

“Boy On A Dolphin”     w.(Eng) Paul Francis Webster (Greek) Jean Fermanoglou m. Takis Morakis

“Build Your Love (On A Strong Foundation)”     O. Jones

“Butterfly”     w.m. Anthony September

“Bye Bye Love”     w.m. Felice & Boudleaux Bryant

“Ca, C’est L’Amour”     w.m. Cole Porter. Introduced by Taina Elg in the film Les Girls.

“Catch a Falling Star”     w.m. Lee Pockriss & Paul Vance

“Chances Are”     w. Al Stillman m. Robert Allen

“Chantez, Chantez”     w. Albert Gamse m. Irving Fields

“Cocoanut Sweet”     w. E. Y. Harburg m. Harold Arlen

“Come Fly With Me”      w. Sammy Cahn m. James Van Heusen

“Come Go With Me”     w.m. Clarence E. Quick

“Cool”     w. Stephen Sondheim m. Leonard Bernstein

“Could This Be Magic”     w.m. Hiram Johnson & Richard Blandon

“Dark Moon”     w.m. Ned Miller

“The Day The Rains Came”     w.(Eng) Carl Sigman (Fr) Pierre Delano m. Gilbert Bcaud

“Diana”     w.m. Paul Anka

“Do I Love You Because You’re Beautiful?”     w. Oscar Hammerstein II m. Richard Rodgers

“Everyday”     Charles Hardin, Norman Petty

“Four Walls”     w.m. George Campbell & Marvin Moore

“From a Jack to a King” w.m. Ned Miller

“Gee, Officer Krupke”     w. Stephen Sondheim m. Leonard Bernstein from the musical West Side Story

“Gigi”     w. Alan Jay Lerner m. Frederick Loewe

“The Girl with the Golden Braids” m. Eddie Snyder w. Stanley J. Kahan

“Goodnight My Someone”     w.m. Meredith Willson

“Got-Ta Have Something In The Bank, Frank”     Bob Hilliard, Mort Garson

“Great Balls Of Fire”     w.m. Jack Hammer & Otis Blackwell

“A Handful Of Songs”     Tommy Steele, Lionel Bart & Michael Pratt

“Happy, Happy Birthday Baby”     w.m. Margo Sylvia & Gilbert Lopez

“Hey Schoolgirl”     w. Art Garfunkel m. Paul Simon

“Hula Love”     adapted by Buddy Knox from the 1911 song “My Hula Hula Love”

“I Can’t Stop Loving You”     w.m. Don Gibson

“I Feel Pretty”     w. Stephen Sondheim m. Leonard Bernstein

“I Just Don’t Know”     w. Joe Stone m. Robert Allen

“I Like Your Kind Of Love”     Melvin Endsley

“I’m Sorry”     w.m. Buck Ram

“In My Own Little Corner”     w. Oscar Hammerstein II m. Richard Rodgers

“In The Middle Of An Island”     w.m. Ted Varnick & Nick Acquaviva

“Island In The Sun”     w.m. Harry Belafonte & Irving L. Burgie

“It’s Good To Be Alive”     w.m. Bob Merrill

“Ivy Rose”     w.m. Al Hoffman & Dick Manning

“Jailhouse Rock”     w.m. Jerry Leiber & Mike Stoller

“Jingle Bell Rock”     w.m. Joseph Beal & James Boothe

“Joey’s Song”     m. Joe Reisman

“Just Between You And Me”     w.m. Lee Cathy & Jack Keller

“Just Born”     w.m. Luther Dixon & Billy Dawn Smith

“Let It Be Me”     w.(Eng) Mann Curtis (Fr) Pierre Delano m. Gilbert Bcaud

“Lida Rose”     w.m. Meredith Willson

“Liechtensteiner Polka”     w.(Eng) Joseph Seener w.m. Edmund Koetscher & Rudi Lindt

“Lips Of Wine”     w. Shirley Wolfe m. Sy Soloway

“Little Biscuit”     w. E. Y. Harburg m. Harold Arlen

“The Little Blue Man”     w.m. Fred Ebb & Paul Klein

“Little Darlin’ “     w.m. Maurice Williams

“Loving You”     w.m. Jerry Leiber & Mike Stoller

“Lucille”     w.m. Richard Penniman & Albert Collins

“Magic Moments”     w. Hal David m. Burt Bacharach

“Mama Look A Booboo”     w.m. Lord Melody

“Marching Along To The Blues”     w.m. Mel Green

“Marian The Librarian”     w.m. Meredith Willson

“Mean Woman Blues”      w.m. Claude Demetrius

“Mi Casa, Su Casa”     w.m. Al Hoffman & Dick Manning

“Moonlight Swim”     w. Sylvia Dee m. Ben Weisman

“Mr Lee”     w.m. Heather Dixon, Helen Gathers, Emma Ruth Pought, Laura Webb & Jannie Pought

“My Heart Reminds Me” (aka “And That Reminds Me”)     w. (Eng) Al Stillman m. Camillo Bargoni

“My Little Baby”     w.m. Joe Shapiro and Lou Stallman

“My Special Angel”     w.m. Jimmy Duncan

“My White Knight”     w.m. Meredith Willson

“Napoleon”     w. E. Y. Harburg m. Harold Arlen

“A New-Fangled Tango”     w. Matt Dubey m. Harold Carr

“Ninety-Nine Ways”     w.m. Anthony September

“Oh Boy!”     w.m. Sunny West, Norman Petty & Bill Tilghman

“Oh, Lonesome Me”     w.m. Don Gibson

“Old Cape Cod”     w.m. Claire Rothrock, Milt Yakus & Allan Jeffrey

“One Hand, One Heart”     w. Stephen Sondheim m. Leonard Bernstein

“Party Doll”     w.m. Jimmy Bowen & Buddy Knox

“Passing Strangers”     Mel Mitchell, Stanley Applebaum

“Peggy Sue”     w.m. Jerry Allison, Norman Petty & Buddy Holly

“Pretend You Don’t See Her”     w.m. Steve Allen

“Proceed With Caution”     Wilson Stone

“Promise Her Anything”     w.m. Roy Alfred

“A Pub with No Beer”     w.m. Gordon Parsons

“Put A Light In The Window”     w. Rhoda Roberts m. Kenny Jacobson

“Rainbow”     w.m. Russ Hamilton

“Raunchy”     m. William E. Justis Jr & Sidney Manker

“Reet Petite”     T. Carlo, Berry Gordy

“Remember You’re Mine”     Bernie Lowe, Kal Mann

“Rock And Roll Music”      w.m. Chuck Berry

“Rock-A-Billy”     w.m. Woody Harris & Eddie V. Deane

“Sadder But Wiser Girl For Me”     w.m. Meredith Willson

“Santa, Bring My Baby Back (To Me)”     w.m. Claude Demetrius & Aaron Schroeder

“Sayonara”     w.m. Irving Berlin

“School Day”     w.m. Chuck Berry

“Searchin’ “     w.m. Jerry Leiber & Mike Stoller

“Send For Me”     w.m. Ollie Jones

“Seventy-Six Trombones”     w.m. Meredith Willson

“She Was Only Seventeen”     w.m. Marty Robbins

“Shiralee”     w.m. Tommy Steele

“Short Fat Fanny”     Larry Williams

“Silhouettes”     w.m. Frank Slay & Bob Crewe

“Something’s Coming”     w. Stephen Sondheim m. Leonard Bernstein

“Somewhere”     w. Stephen Sondheim m. Leonard Bernstein, Introduced by Reri Grist in the musical West Side Story

“The Song Of Raintree County”     w. Paul Francis Webster & Raymond Egan m. Richard Whiting

“The Story Of My Life”     w. Hal David m. Burt Bacharach

“The Stroll”     w.m. Nancy Lee & Clyde Otis

“Tammy”     w. Jay Livingston m. Ray Evans. Introduced by Debbie Reynolds in the film Tammy and the Bachelor

“Teddy Bear”     w.m. Kal Mann & Bernie Lowe. Introduced by Elvis Presley in the film Loving You

“Tele Vee Shun”     Stan Freberg

“Ten Minutes Ago”     w. Oscar Hammerstein II m. Richard Rodgers

“That’ll Be The Day”     w.m. Buddy Holly, Norman Petty & Jerry Allison

“Till”     w.m. Carl Sigman, Charles Sananes & Pierre Buisson

“Till There Was You”     w.m. Meredith Willson. Introduced by Robert Preston and Barbara Cook in the musical The Music Man

“Tonight”     w. Stephen Sondheim & Leonard Bernstein m. Leonard Bernstein

“Tonite, Tonite”     W. Nobles

“Treat Me Nice”     w.m. Jerry Leiber & Mike Stoller

“Trouble (In River City)”     w.m. Meredith Willson. Introduced by Robert Preston in the musical The Music Man.

“The Twelfth Of Never”     adapt. (folk song) w. Paul Francis Webster m. Jerry Livingston

“Twenty-Six Miles”     w.m. Bruce Bell & Glen Larson

“A Very Special Love”     w.m. Robert Allen

“Wake Up Little Susie”     w.m. Felice & Boudleaux Bryant

“Walking Along”     Sam Weiss, Winston Willis

“White Silver Sands”     w.m. Charles G. Matthews & Gladys Reinhardt

“A White Sport Coat”     w.m. Marty Robbins

“Whole Lotta Shakin’ Goin’ On”     w.m. Dave Williams & Sunny David

“Whole Lotta Woman”     w.m. Marvin Rainwater

“Why Baby Why”     w.m. Luther Dixon & Larry Harrison

“Why Don’t They Understand?”     Jack Fishman, Joe Henderson

“Wild Is The Wind”     w. Ned Washington m. Dimitri Tiomkin

“Wind In The Willows”     Wecht, Singer, Singer

“Witchcraft”     w. Carolyn Leigh m. Cy Coleman

“Wonderful! Wonderful!”     w. Ben Raleigh m. Sherman Edwards

“Yellow Bird”     w.m. Alan Bergman, Marilyn Keith & Norman Luboff

“Yes Tonight, Josephine”     w.m. Winfield Scott & Dorothy Goodman

“You Need Hands”     w.m. Roy Irwin

“You Send Me”     w.m. L. C. Cooke

Classical music

Aaron Copland – Orchestral Variations

Pierre Gabaye – Boutade

Lszl Lajtha – Symphony No. 7, Revolution (A tribute to the Hungarian Revolution in 1956 against the Soviet suppression)

Walter Piston – Viola Concerto

Hilding Rosenberg – String Quartets nos. 8 – 12

Edmund Rubbra – Seventh Symphony

Roger Sessions – Symphony No. 3

Dmitri Shostakovich – Symphony No. 11 G minor, Op. 103 “The Year 1905″

Elie Siegmeister – Symphony No. 3

Karlheinz Stockhausen Gruppen for three orchestras (195557)

Toru Takemitsu – Requiem

Mieczysaw Weinberg – Symphony no. 4

Malcolm Williamson

A Vision of Beasts and Gods, song-cycle for high voice & piano

Santiago de Espada, overture for orchestra

Symphony No. 1 – Elevamini, for orchestra

Opera

Samuel Barber – Vanessa

John Eaton – Ma Barker

Bohuslav Martin – The Greek Passion

Douglas Moore – Gallantry

Ildebrando Pizzetti – Assassinio nella Cattedrale

Francis Poulenc – Dialogues of the Carmelites (Dialogues des Carmelites)

Heitor Villa-Lobos – Daughter of the Clouds

Musical theater

Bells Are Ringing     London production

Brigadoon (Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe) Broadway revival

Damn Yankees (Richard Adler and Jerry Ross) London production

Harmony Close London production opened at the Lyric, Hammersmith on April 17.

The Music Man (Meredith Willson) opened at the Majestic Theatre on Broadway on December 19, 1957 and ran for 1375 performances.

New Girl In Town Broadway production

West Side Story (Leonard Bernstein) Broadway production

Zuleika London production, Saville Theatre

Musical films

Funny Face

Les Girls starring Gene Kelly, Mitzi Gaynor and Kay Kendall

Loving You released July 9 starring Elvis Presley.

The Pajama Game starring Doris Day and John Raitt

Pal Joey starring Frank Sinatra, Rita Hayworth and Kim Novak

Silk Stockings, featuring Fred Astaire and Cyd Charisse

Births

January 4 – Patty Loveless

January 23 – Earl Falconer, UB40

January 27 – Janick Gers, Iron Maiden

February 2 – Tony Butler, Big Country

February 19 – Falco, classical and rock musician

February 27 – Adrian Smith, musician, Iron Maiden

February 28

Phil Gould, drummer, Level 42

Cindy Wilson, The B-52′s

March 12 – Marlon Jackson, The Jackson 5

March 21 – John Whitfield, conductor

March 26 – Paul Morley, music journalist

April 12 – Vince Gill

April 16, Michael Quarles – Classical and Rock Musician

May 2 – Markus Stockhausen, trumpeter and composer

May 10 – Sid Vicious, punk musician

May 18 – Michael Cretu, musician

May 27 – Siouxsie Sioux, Siouxsie and the Banshees

June 11 – Jamaaladeen Tacuma

June 17 – Phil Chevron, The Pogues

June 22 – Gary Beers, INXS

June 26 – Patty Smyth

July 3 – Laura Branigan

July 3 – Peter Breiner, composer

July 30 – Christopher Miller, known as Rat Scabies, drummer

August 18 – Ron Strykert, Men at Work

August 21 – Budgie, Siouxsie and the Banshees

August 31 – Glenn Tilbrook, Squeeze

August 31 – Gina Schock, The Go-Go’s

September 1 – Gloria Estefan, singer

September 1 – Jon Moss, London, Culture Club

September 22 – Johnette Napolitano, Concrete Blonde

September 22 – Nick Cave

October 5 – Lee Thompson, Madness

October 7 – Michael W. Smith

October 19 – Karl Wallinger, World Party

October 21 – Steve Lukather, Toto

October 21 – Julian Cope, singer

October 3 – Kelly Marie, singer

October 28 – Stephen Morris, New Order

November 1 – Lyle Lovett

November 5 – Mike Score, A Flock of Seagulls

November 8 – Porl Thompson, The Cure

November 24 – Chris Hayes, Huey Lewis and the News

December 6 – Bob Drake, avant-garde musician

December 9

Donny Osmond, singer

Steve Taylor, singer, record producer

December 10 – Paul Hardcastle

December 12 – Sheila E.

December 20

Billy Bragg, singer, songwriter

Anita Baker, singer

Anna Vissi, singer

December 22 – Tsai Chin, singer

December 25 – Shane MacGowan, The Pogues

date unknown

Charles Roland Berry, composer

Poly Styrene, punk musician

Deaths

January – Gertie Gitana, music hall entertainer

January 16 – Arturo Toscanini, conductor

January 18 – George Girard, jazz trumpeter

February 7 – Rudolph Rti, pianist, composer and musicologist

February 16 – Jzef Hofmann, pianist and composer

March 8 – Othmar Schoeck, composer

March 13 – Lena Ashwell, Forces entertainer

March 24 – Carson Robison, country music singer and songwriter

April 15 – Pedro Infante, actor and singer

May 2 – Tadeusz Kassern, composer (b. 1904) (suicide)

May 9 – Ezio Pinza, Italian singer and actor

June 5 – Frances Densmore, ethnomusicologist (b. 1867)

June 6 – Kulyash Baiseitova, opera singer

June 12 – Jimmy Dorsey, big band leader

July 7 – Hiski Salomaa, folk singer and songwriter

July 9 – Alexander Goedicke, pianist and composer

July 16 – Serge Chaloff, saxophonist

August 28 – Erik Tuxen, conductor, composer and arranger

September 1 – Dennis Brain, horn virtuoso (in unexplained car accident)

September 11 – Petar Stojanovi, violinist and composer

September 20 – Jean Sibelius, composer

October 14 – Natanael Berg, composer

October 20 – Jack Buchanan, Scottish singer, dancer, actor and director

October 23 – Abe Lyman, US bandleader, composer and drummer

November 4 – Joseph Canteloube, composer

November 20 – Beniamino Gigli, operatic tenor

November 29 – Erich Wolfgang Korngold, composer

December 19 – Abolhasan Saba, instrumentalist

December 20 – Walter Page, jazz musician

December 21 – Eric Coates, composer

date unknown

“Klondike Kate” Rockwell, vaudeville performer

Ivan Zorman, poet and composer

Awards

Eurovision Song Contest

Eurovision Song Contest 1957

High school and college career

Chrebet is the son of a Vietnam War purple heart recipient and played high school football at Garfield High School in his hometown.

Chrebet played for Hofstra University, the site of what used to be the Jets year-round training facility. At Hofstra, Chrebet was a four-year letter-winner who twice led the Flying Dutchmen (now known as The Pride), in receiving. In addition he set the single season and career touchdown marks with 16 (1994), and 31, respectively. Also in 1994, Chrebet became Hofstra’s first 1,000-yard receiver. Along the way he set a Hofstra school record with 245 receiving yards in a game against Delaware, and tying Jerry Rice for the NCAA I-AA mark with five touchdowns.

For his accomplishments at Hofstra University, Wayne Chrebet was part of the inaugural class to be inducted into the Hofstra University Athletic Hall of Fame and his jersey was retired.

NFL

Although he was not drafted by any team at the National Football League Draft in 1995, Chrebet eventually earned a walk-on opportunity with the New York Jets where he was 11th of 11 on the depth chart.[citation needed] Chrebet was stopped and detained at the front gate on his first day of training camp by the senior New York Jets security guard who did not believe Chrebet could actually be a football player due to his relatively small size. A New York Jets team official was summoned to verify he was an authorized walk-on and could enter the training complex. Chrebet worked his way up the depth chart from 11th to make the team and was the first Hofstra football player to make an NFL roster since John Schmitt in 1964.

In a December 3rd, 1995 game versus the St. Louis Rams, Chrebet pulled in 8 receptions and broke several tackles on a scramble toward the goal line. On October 19, 1996 at Jacksonville, Chrebet hauled in 12 receptions for 162 yards with five third-down conversions. On September 24th, 2000, after former Jets teammate Keyshawn Johnson claimed that comparing Chrebet to him was like “comparing a flashlight to a star,” Chrebet caught an 18-yard TD pass from Curtis Martin with 52 seconds left to give the Jets a 21-17 victory. After this, the New York media dubbed Chrebet “The Green Lantern.” His primary nickname, however, was “Mr. Third Down” because 379 of his 580 career receptions were third to first down conversions. Some consider Chrebet’s best overall game as the October 10th, 2004 contest with the Buffalo Bills in which Chrebet enjoyed a perfect game, catching all 8 passes sent his way from quarterback Chad Pennington in a 16-14 victory. Chrebet’s career history was named one of the greatest rags-to-riches stories in the history of professional sports by Sports Illustrated later that year.

In a November 6, 2005 game against the San Diego Chargers, Chrebet’s career ended prematurely when he sustained a serious concussion on a clean play. Despite being knocked unconscious for several minutes, Chrebet still made that third-down catch for a first down, symbolic of the type of plays he made throughout his career. Chrebet’s 580 receptions ranks him 2nd and his 7,365 yards from scrimmage place him 5th all-time in the New York Jets record books. Among all-time National Football League players who were not drafted, he owns the third-most receptions in the history of the league, trailing only Rod Smith and Gary Clark.

Chrebet wore the New York Jet number 80 jersey for 11 straight seasons. During his career, he caught passes from 13 different players, played for several different head coaches, and worked for two different owners. Chrebet was formally honored by the New York Jets on “Wayne Chrebet Day” during halftime of the September 23rd, 2007 game against the Miami Dolphins. Chrebet’s number 80 has not been issued by the team since he retired, and it is generally understood that no Jet will wear that number in the foreseeable future.

Chrebet retired from the NFL June 2006.

Post-NFL

Chrebet now resides in Colts Neck Township, New Jersey. Chrebet sold his bar/restaurant that was located next to the New York Jets training camp in 2008 when the New York Jets moved their training camp from Hofstra University to New Jersey.

In an interview with the Bergen Record, Chrebet stated he still feels post-concussion symptoms as a result of the multiple concussions he suffered while playing in the NFL, including headaches, lethargy, and sensitivity to light and noise.

On May 28, 2009 Chrebet joined Morgan Stanley as a financial advisor working out of the Red Bank, NJ office. Chrebet is routinely invited to attend Jets games as a guest of honor by owner Woody Johnson.

Awards

1995: New York Newsday’s “Jet of the Year,” as voted on by the paper’s readers.

1996: Awarded the Dennis Byrd Award for Most Inspirational Player as voted by his New York Jet teammates.

1996: Hofstra University Young Alumni Award in 1996. The award was bestowed to alumni who, within 10 years of graduation, achieved significant accomplishments in professional life.

1997: New York Jets “Unsung Hero Award”

2000: DIRECTV “NFL Play of the Week” (Week 2 vs. New England for a game winning TD catch in the fourth quarter)

2000: DIRECTV “NFL Play of the Week” (Week 4 vs. Tampa Bay for an 18 yard TD catch with :51 seconds left in the game on an HB option from RB Curtis Martin

2000: Thurman Munson Award for his outstanding efforts on an off the field and in serving in the community

2001: New York Jets Alumni Association’s “Jets Player of the Year”

2002: Chrebet’s college jersey was retired in a ceremony at Hofstra University, New York.

2005: Awarded the Ed Block Courage Award.

After the NFL

Wayne Chrebet began a career at Morgan Stanley as a financial advisor. Chrebet is joined Moldaver Group, a wealth management team in Red Bank, N.J. He has been with the firm since the end of 2008 and has completed all the tests and training necessary to become a financial advisor. Chrebet retired from the NFL in 2006 after 11 years in pro football and his ninth concussion. Chrebet, 36, told Bloomberg that being an advisor is a great second career for him, and that he had always given advice to younger players on minding their investments. He also owns a sports bar in Hempstead, New York called Bar Social. Chrebet remains close to the New York Jets organization despite his retirement and is routinely invited as a guest of honor for games home and on the road.

References

^ a b c “Every Down, Every Distance”. New York: Doubleday, 1999.

^ Hermoso, Rafael. “GARFIELD’S CHREBET HOPES TO IMPRESS JETS”, The Record (Bergen County), May 4, 1995. Accessed December 5, 2007. “Wayne Chrebet wasn’t exactly overconfident when he began his football career as a sophomore at Garfield High School.”

^ a b “HOFSTRA TO INDUCT 17 INTO INAUGURAL ATHLETICS HALL OF FAME CLASS THIS SATURDAY”, Hofstra University. Accessed December 5, 2007.

^ a b c d Pro-Football-Reference.com, http://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/ChreWa00.htm

^ a b c d e f New York Jets Official Website, http://www.newyorkjets.com/news/articles/show_permalink/wayne-chrebet-announces-his-retirement

^ Sports Illustrated Special Edition “Sports Illustrated present Cinderella Stories”, 2000.

^ New York Jets Official Website, http://www.newyorkjets.com/blog/posts/209-wayne-chrebet-one-more-time

^ New York wide receiver Wayne Chrebet has found a new sport to love, Hoof Beats, accessed January 11, 2007. ” Four years ago, he [Chrebet] moved into the horse country of Colts Neck, N.J., and couldn’t help but admire the equine specimens with whom he shared his neighborhood.”

^ “Chrebet welcomes new challenges”. http://www.northjersey.com/page.php?qstr=eXJpcnk3ZjcxN2Y3dnFlZUVFeXk2JmZnYmVsN2Y3dnFlZUVFeXk3MDY5Mzgy. Retrieved 2007-12-09.

External links

80 Forever: http://chrebet.net/

New York Jets http://www.newyorkjets.com/blog/posts/209-wayne-chrebet-one-more-time

IMDB http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1832669/

New York Jets http://www.newyorkjets.com/news/articles/show/1607-chrebet-blessed-to-have-a-day-in-his-honor

ESPN article on concussion studies and Chrebet

Hofstra Athletic Hall of Fame

General Motors GMT800 truck assembly line.

In 2009, General Motors employs approximately 244,500 people around the world. The Renaissance Center located in Detroit, Michigan, United States, is the global headquarters of General Motors. In 2008, GM sold 8.35 million cars and trucks globally. GM is the majority shareholder in GM Daewoo Auto & Technology Co. of South Korea and has collaborations with Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation of China, AvtoVAZ of Russia, and most recently, UzAvtoSanoat of Uzbekistan. GM has had collaborations with various automakers including Fiat (see GM/Fiat Premium platform) and Ford Motor Company.[citation needed] GM retains various stakes in different automakers. General Motors’ best success internationally has unquestionbly been its performance in China, GM sales rose 66.9% in 2009, selling 1,830,000 vehicles and accounting for 13.4% of the market.

GM received loans from European governments in 2009, and has reduced its ownership stake in European operations as part of its reorganization.” As of July 10, 2009, the new GM has over $40 B in cash, with the company’s reorganized liability total of $48.8 B which includes $24.4 B to be paid to the Voluntary Employee Benefits Association (VEBA) trust, $9 B to the U.S. and Canadian governments, and $15 B in liabilities to suppliers and other bills. GM is slated to pay $10 B to the VEBA trust in December 2009, with the remainder being paid in increments from 2012-19. GM isn’t required to make contributions to its pension fund until 2013, but it may elect to if needed, since the company contribued $15.2 B to its pension fund in 2003. Stock market conditions cause the fund value to fluctuate. In February 2009, GM’s combined pension fund had about $85 B in assets, $56B in assets for hourly pensions and $29B in assets for salaried pensions. The domain name gm.com attracted at least 7 million visitors annually by 2008.

GM worldwide vehicle sales by country 2008

(thousands)

Rank

in GM

Country

Vehicle

sales

Market

share (%)

Rank

in GM

Country

Vehicle

sales

Market

share (%)

1

United States

2,981

22.1%

9

Australia

133

13.1%

2

China

1,095

12.0%

10

Republic of Korea

117

9.7%

3

Brazil

549

19.5%

11

France

114

4.4%

4

United Kingdom

384

15.4%

12

Spain

107

7.8%

5

Canada

359

21.4%

13

Argentina

95

15.5%

6

Russia

338

11.1%

14

Venezuela

91

33.3%

7

Germany

300

8.8%

15

Colombia

80

36.3%

8

Mexico

212

19.8%

16

India

66

3.3%

Top 4 markets/regions by vehicle sales in 2008 (thousands)

1

North America

3,552

21.9%

3

European Union

905

12.3%

2

China

1,095

12.0%

4

South America

815

20.8%

Structure

See also: Cadillac, Buick, GMC (automobile), Chevrolet, List of GM factories, and List of GM engines

General Motors is structured into the following operating groups:

Group

Number of employees

March 2009

GMAP (GM Asia-Pacific)

33,000

GME (GM Europe)

55,000

GM LAAM (GM Latin America, Africa and the Middle East)

33,000

GMNA (GM North America)

112,000

Other operations

2,000

Total number of employees

235,000

Management

The Renaissance Center in Detroit, Michigan, is the world headquarters of General Motors.

On July 23, 2009, GM announced its new Board of Directors: Daniel F. Akerson, David Bonderman, Robert D. Krebs, Patricia F. Russo and Ed Whitacre (GM Chairman & Interim CEO) Board members who are not GM employees will be paid US$200,000 annually.

As of December 1, 2009, The General Motors Board Of Directors accepted Frederick Henderson’s resignation. In January 2010, chairman Ed Whitacre was appointed permanent CEO after previously serving in an interim capacity.

On December 4, 2009, GM announced leadership changes in a press release.

Edward Whitacre, Jr. – Chairman of the Board of the Directors and CEO

Robert A. Lutz – Vice Chairman, advisor on design and global product development

Chris Liddell – Vice Chairman and Chief Financial Officer

Thomas G. Stephens – Vice Chairman, Global Product Operations

Mark Reuss – President, GM North America

David N. Reilly – President, GM Europe

Timothy E. Lee – President, GM International Operations (Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Africa, and Middle East)

Ray Young – vice president, International Operations

Edward T. Welburn – Global Vice President of General Motors Design, current and only the sixth head designer.

For additional Senior Management see GM Senior Leadership Group

General Motors is a conglomerate.

History

Main article: History of General Motors

General Motors was founded on September 16, 1908, in Flint, Michigan, as a holding company for Buick, then controlled by William C. Durant. It acquired Oldsmobile later that year. In 1909, Durant brought in Cadillac, Elmore, Oakland and several others. Also in 1909, General Motors acquired the Reliance Motor Truck Company of Owosso, Michigan, and the Rapid Motor Vehicle Company of Pontiac, Michigan, the predecessors of GMC Truck. Durant lost control of GM in 1910 to a bankers’ trust, because of the large amount of debt taken on in its acquisitions coupled with a collapse in new vehicle sales. A few years later, Durant started the Chevrolet Motor car company and through this he secretly purchased a controlling interest in GM. Durant took back control of the company after one of the most dramatic proxy wars in American business history. Durant then reorganized General Motors Company into General Motors Corporation. Shortly after, he again lost control, this time for good, after the new vehicle market collapsed. Alfred P. Sloan was picked to take charge of the corporation and led it to its post war global dominance. This unprecedented growth of GM would last into the early 1980s when it employed 349,000 workers and operated 150 assembly plants.

GM previously led in global sales for 77 consecutive years (1931 to 2008), longer than any other automaker.

Chapter 11 reorganization

Main article: General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization

On July 10, 2009, a new entity, NGMCO Inc. purchased the ongoing operations and trademarks from General Motors Corporation. The purchasing company in turn changed its name from NGMCO Inc. to General Motors Company, marking the emergence of a new operation from the “pre-packaged” Chapter 11 reorganization. Under the reorganization process, termed a 363 sale (for Section 363 which is located in Title 11, Chapter 3, Subchapter IV of the United States Code, a part of the Bankruptcy Code), the purchaser of the assets of a company in bankruptcy proceedings is able to obtain approval for the purchase from the court prior to the submission of a re-organization plan, free of liens and other claims. It used in most Chapter 11 cases that involve a sale of property or other assets. This process is typical of large organizations with complex branding and intellectual property rights issues upon exiting bankruptcy. The new company plans to issue an initial public offering (IPO) of stock in 2010.

GM’s remaining pre-petition creditors’ claims are paid from the remaining assets of Motors Liquidation Company, the new name of the former General Motors Corporation, although the directors of that company believe its debts far outweigh its assets. This means that while the former GM’s bondholders may recover a small portion of their investment, former GM shareholders (now shareholders of Motors Liquidation Company) will likely not receive anything.

Also on July 10, 2009, GM announced plans to trim its U.S. workforce by 20,000 employees as part of its reorganization by the end of 2009 due to economic conditions.

The following table is a comparison (estimates) of the new GM and the old GM:

Old GM (before July 10, 2009)

New GM (after July 10, 2009)

Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMDaewoo (48.2%), GMC, Holden, Hummer, Oldsmobile, Opel, Pontiac, Saab, Saturn, Vauxhall

Brands

Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMDaewoo (70.1%), GMC, Holden, Opel, Vauxhall

5,900

US Dealerships

3,600

Common shareholders, bondholders and secured creditors

Ownership

The United States Treasury, the Crown in Right of Canada, Old GM bondholders, and UAW union

47

US Plants

34

US$94.7 B

Debt

US$17 B

91,000

US employees

68,500

North America

Core brand focus

In North America, GM will focus primarily on its four core brands Chevrolet, Cadillac, Buick, and GMC while selling, discontinuing, or scaling back its other brands. The White House characterized the GM restructuring as a shift toward a new leaner, greener GM, which will aim to break even with annual sales much lower than previously stated. President Obama declared that the restructuring “will mark the end of an old GM, and the beginning of a new GM; a new GM that can produce the high-quality, safe, and fuel-efficient cars of tomorrow; that can lead America towards an energy independent future; and that is once more a symbol of America’s success.”

In the middle of 2005, GM announced that its corporate chrome emblem “Mark of Excellence” would begin appearing on all recently introduced and all-new 2006 model vehicles produced and sold in North America. However, in 2009 the “New GM” reversed this, saying that emphasis on its four core brands would dictate downplaying the GM name.

Production of SUVs and trucks vs. cars

In the late 1990s, the U.S. economy was on the rise and GM and Ford gained market share producing enormous profits primarily from the sale of light trucks and sport-utility vehicles.

Following the September 11 attacks, a severe stock market decline caused a pension and benefit fund underfunding crisis. GM began its Keep America Rolling campaign, which boosted sales, and other auto makers were forced to follow suit. The U.S. automakers saw sales increase to leverage costs as gross margins deteriorated.

In 2004, GM redirected resources from the development of new sedans to an accelerated refurbishment of their light trucks and SUVs for introduction as 2007 models in early 2006. Shortly after this decision, fuel prices increased by over 50% and this in turn affected both the trade-in value of used vehicles and the perceived desirability of new offerings in these market segments. The current marketing plan is to tout these revised vehicles extensively as offering the best fuel economy in their class (of vehicle). GM claims its hybrid trucks will have fuel economy improvements of 25%.

Sales

U.S. sales figures

Calendar Year

Total U.S. sales

Chg/yr.

1998

4,603,991

1999

5,017,150

9.0%

2000

4,953,163

1.3%

2001

4,904,015

1.0%

2002

4,858,705

0.9%

2003

4,756,403

2.1%

2004

4,707,416

1.0%

2005

4,517,730

4.0%

2006

4,124,645

8.7%

2007

3,866,620

6.3%

2008

2,980,688

22.9%

2009

2,084,492

30.1%

In 2005, GM promoted sales through an “employee discount” to all buyers. Marketed as the lowest possible price, GM cleared an inventory buildup of 2005 models to make way for its 2006 lineup.

SUV sales

In 2008, rapidly rising gasoline prices resulted in a 30% drop-off of sales of SUVs. These had been GM’s most profitable product, often returning profits of US$10,000 to US$15,000 per vehicle. Sales of SUVs had been decreasing since 2004, and in May 2008, a US$2 billion investment program for a new SUV platform, the CXX program, was canceled. During the first 6 months of 2008, GM lost $18.8 billion; by late October, its stock had dropped 76%, and it was considering a merger with Chrysler. In only 12 months (October 2007-2008), GM sales in the US dropped 45 percent. GM’s concentration on SUVs as a profit center dated from the 1990s.

General Motors plant in (in Arlington, Texas) produces its largest SUVs. On Tuesday, December 23, 2008, the Janesville, Wisconsin plant, which produced the Chevrolet Tahoe, the Suburban, and the GMC Yukon, and the Moraine, Ohio plant which produced the Chevrolet Blazer and the GMC Envoy idled production. GM has yet to confirm future product plans for the idled facilities.

Small car sales

“As part of General Motors Company (GM)’s restructuring, it plans to revive one of its idled U.S. factories for the production of a small car (the factories under consideration included one in or near the cars in busville and Orion Township areas of Michigan, one in Wisconsin, and one in Tennessee; the factory in Michigan was ultimately selected to be revived, but only 1,200 out of a former 3,400 jobs will be left). The new small car will add to a group of small and fuel-efficient vehicles that the company is planning to roll out in the near future. The retooled plant will be capable of building 160,000 cars annually, including both small and compact vehicles.

Canada

In March 2005, the Canadian Crown-in-Council provided C$200 million in incentives to General Motors for its Ontario plants to expand production and provide jobs, according to Jim Harris.[citation needed] Similar incentives were promised to non-North American auto companies like Toyota. Ontario Premier Dalton McGuinty, said the money pledged for the project by the provincial Crown of Ontario and by the federal government was well spent.

China

The Buick brand is especially strong in China, led by the Buick Excelle subcompact. The last emperor of China owned a Buick. The Cadillac brand was introduced in China in 2004, starting with imports from the United States. GM pushed the marketing of the Chevrolet brand in China in 2005 as well, moving the former Buick Sail to that marque. The company manufactures most of its China market vehicles locally through Shanghai GM, a joint venture with the Chinese company SAIC, which was created on March 25, 1997. The Shanghai GM plant was officially opened on December 15, 1998, when the first Chinese-built Buick came off the assembly line. The SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile joint-venture is also successfully selling trucks and vans under the Wuling marque (34% owned by GM).

GM plans to invest $250m to create a research facility in Shanghai to develop hybrid cars and alternative fuel vehicles.[citation needed]

Labor relations

Main article: 2007 General Motors strike

On September 24, 2007 General Motors workers represented by the United Auto Workers union went on the first nationwide strike against GM since 1970. The ripple effect of the strike reached into Canada the following day as two car assembly plants and a transmission facility were forced to close. Overnight a tentative agreement was reached, however, and UAW officials declared the end of the strike in a news conference at 4 a.m. on September 26. By the following day, all GM workers in both countries were back to work.

A new labor contract was ratified by UAW members exactly one week after the tentative agreement was reached, passing by a majority 62% vote. In the contract are several product and employment guarantees stretching well into the next decade. One of GM’s key future products, the Chevy Volt, was promised to the GM Poletown/Detroit-Hamtramck plant in 2010. Also included is a VEBA (Voluntary Employee Beneficiary Association) which will transfer retiree health care obligations to the UAW by 2010. This eliminates more than $50 billion from GM’s healthcare tab. It will be funded by $30 billion in cash and $1.4 billion in GM stock paid to the UAW over the next four years of the contract. It also eliminates 70% of the labor cost gap with GM’s Japanese rivals.

A strike at American Axle and Manufacturing Holdings Inc. will result in lost production of an additional 230,000 vehicles in the second quarter, with an estimated $1.8 billion impact on earnings before tax, and a total strike cost of $2.81 billion.

Together with the United Auto Workers, GM created a joint venture dedicated to the quality of life needs of employees in 1985. The UAW-GM Center for human resources in Detroit is dedicated to providing GM salaried employees and GM UAW members programs and services related to medical care, diversity issues, education, training and tuition assistance, as well as programs related to work and family concerns, in addition to the traditional union-employer health and safety partnership.

2008 Canadian Auto Workers bargaining

In an unusual move, GM Canada and the Canadian Auto Workers (CAW) union ratified a new collective bargaining contract in May 2008, four months before the expiration of the existing contract. As part of the agreement, among other production commitments, GM pledged to maintain production at the Oshawa, Ontario pickup truck plant. Less than three weeks later, GM announced that rising gasoline prices and falling truck sales made it necessary to close certain truck and SUV plants, including the Oshawa pickup plant. In response, CAW members staged a 12-day blockade of the GM Canada headquarters. After further discussions with the CAW, GM agreed to compensate workers at the truck plant, as well as making product commitments for the Oshawa car assembly plant.

Labor costs

GM announced elimination of lifetime health benefits for about 100,000 of its white collar retirees at the end of 2008.

Auto racing

General Motors has an extensive history in numerous forms of racing. In particular, the Chevrolet Corvette has long been popular and successful in international road racing. GM also is a supplier of racing components, such as engines, transmissions, and electronics equipments.

GM’s Oldsmobile Aurora engine platform was successful in the Indy Racing League (IRL) throughout the 1990s, winning many races in the small V-8 class. GM has also done much work in the development of electronics for GM auto racing. An unmodified Aurora V-8 in the Aerotech, captured 47 world records, including the record for speed endurance in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America. Recently, the Cadillac V-Series has entered motorsports racing. GM has also used many cars in the American racing series NASCAR. Currently the Chevrolet Impala is the only entry in the series but in the past the Pontiac Grand Prix, Buick Regal, Oldsmobile Cutlass, Chevrolet Lumina, Chevrolet Malibu, and the Chevrolet Monte Carlo were also used.

In touring cars (mainly in Europe), Vauxhall is a key player and former champion in the British Touring Car Championship (BTCC) series and competes with a Vauxhall Vectra in Super 2000 spec, although have announced plans to withdraw at the end of 2009. Opel used to participate in the DTM series and also in the 1980s in the World Rally Championship and other Rally Series with Group B Spec Opel Manta’s before this category of Rallying was banned. Chevrolet competes with a Chevrolet Cruze in the FIA World Touring Car Championship (WTCC). Tempus Sport and RML also compete with privately run Lacettis in the BTCC.

In Australia, there is the prestigious V8 Supercar Championship which is battled out by the two main rivals of Holden and Ford. The current Holden Racing Team cars are based on the Holden Commodore and run a 6.3-litre V8-cylinder engine producing 635 bhp (474 kW). These cars have a top speed of 294 km/h (183 mph) and run 0100 km/h in 3.8 seconds. The Holden Racing Team is Australia’s most successful team in Australian Touring Car History. In 2006 & 2007, the Drivers championship was won by the very closely linked HSV Dealer Team.

Alternative propulsion initiatives

The company has long worked on alternative-technology vehicles, and has recently led the industry with ethanol burning flexible-fuel vehicles that can run on either E85 (ethanol) or gasoline. The company was the first to use turbochargers and was an early proponent of V6 engines in the 1960s, but quickly lost interest as the muscle car race took hold. They demonstrated gas turbine vehicles powered by kerosene, an area of interest throughout the industry, but abandoned the alternative engine configuration in view of the 1973 oil crisis. In the 1970s and 1980s, GM pushed the benefits of diesel engines and cylinder deactivation technologies with disastrous results due to poor durability in the Oldsmobile diesels and drivability issues in the Cadillac V8-6-4 variable cylinder engines. In 1987, GM, in conjunction with AeroVironment, built the Sunraycer, which won the inaugural World Solar Challenge and was a showcase of advanced technology. Much of the technology from Sunraycer found its way into the Impact prototype electric vehicle (also built by Aerovironment) and was the predecessor to the General Motors EV1.

GM supported a compromise version of the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standard increase from 27 mpg-US (8.7 L/100 km; 32 mpg-imp) to 35 mpg-US (6.7 L/100 km; 42 mpg-imp), the first such increase in over 20 years.

Hybrid electric initiative

Main articles: Plug-in hybrid and Chevrolet Volt

Plug-in hybrid Chevrolet Volt.

Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid 2009.

In May 2004, GM delivered the world’s first full sized hybrid pickups, the 1/2-ton Silverado/Sierra. These hybrids did not use electrical energy for propulsion, like GM’s later designs. In 2005, the Opel Astra diesel Hybrid concept vehicle was introduced. The 2006 Saturn Vue Green Line was the first hybrid passenger vehicle from GM and is also a mild design. GM has hinted at new hybrid technologies to be employed that will be optimized for higher speeds in freeway driving.

GM currently offers two types of hybrid systems. The first type, used in the Saturn Vue, Saturn Aura, and Chevrolet Malibu, is what GM calls the BAS Hybrid system a type of mild hybrid which was canceled in 2009. The second hybrid drive system, co-developed with Daimler AG and BMW, is called a “Two-Mode Hybrid”. The two-mode is used by the Chevrolet Tahoe/GMC Yukon and will later be used on the Saturn Vue (cancelled), Cadillac Escalade, GM 1/2-ton pickups and possibly other vehicles.

GM’s current hybrid electric models:

2009 Saturn Vue Green Line Hybrid (discontinued)

2009 Saturn Aura Green Line Hybrid (discontinued)

2009 GMC Yukon Hybrid

2009 Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid (discontinued)

2009 Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid

2009 Cadillac Escalade Hybrid

2009 Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid

2009 GMC Sierra Hybrid

GM has recently introduced the concept cars Chevrolet Volt and Opel Flextreme, which are electric vehicles with back-up generators, powered by gasoline, E85, or fuel cells. According to GM, a production Chevrolet Volt will be available by late 2010 as a 2011 model.

The GM Magic Bus is a hybrid powered bus.

GM sold 843 hybrids of all types during the first quarter of 2008, according to the industry newspaper Automotive News. Compare that with Ford, which sold 5,225 hybrids during that time. CSM Worldwide, expects GM to seriously increase its hybrid output, turning the automaker into a serious contender within the next few years. He expects it to produce 40,000 to 50,000 hybrids this year, more than doubling last year’s production.

All-electric vehicles

Main article: General Motors EV1

Electric car EV1 shown plugged into charging station

GM was the first American company (in the modern era) to release an all-electric automobile. In 1990, GM debuted the revolutionary “Impact” concept car at the Los Angeles Auto Show. It was the first car with zero-emissions marketed in the US in over three decades. The Impact was eventually produced as the EV1 for the 1996 model year. It was available through dealers located in only a few regions (e.g., California, Arizona, Georgia). Vehicles were leased, rather than sold, to individuals. In 2003 GM decided to cease production of the vehicles.

General Motors has announced that it is building a prototype two-seat electric vehicle with Segway. An early prototype of the Personal Urban Mobility and Accessibility vehicleubbed Project P.U.M.A. — will be shown off in New York a day ahead of the press previews for the 2009 New York International Auto Show.

Plug-in hybrids

Main article: Plug-in hybrid

On September 16, 2008, as part of its 100th anniversary celebration, GM unveiled the “production” version of the Chevrolet Volt at the GM headquarters in Detroit.

Battery packs for electric vehicles

GM will build battery packs with LG Chem in Michigan. GM also plans to build an automotive battery laboratory in Michigan. GM will take full responsibility for all the battery management systems and power electronics. The company will build a new factory in Michigan, but a specific site has yet to be announced, in part because negotiations are ongoing with state and local authorities on the usual financial incentives and approvals. LG Chem’s US subsidiary, Compact Power of Troy, Michigan, has been building the prototype packs for the development vehicles and will continue to provide integration support and act as a liaison for the program.

Hydrogen initiative

Sequel, a fuel cell-powered vehicle from GM.

GM has prided its research and prototype development of hydrogen powered vehicles, to be produced in early 2010, using a support infrastructure still in a prototype state. The economic feasibility of the technically challenging hydrogen car, and the low-cost production of hydrogen to fuel it, has also been discussed by other automobile manufacturers such as Ford and Chrysler.

In June 2007, Larry Burns, vice president of research and development, said he’s not yet willing to say exactly when hydrogen vehicles will be mass produced, but he said it should happen before 2020, the year many experts have predicted. He said “I sure would be disappointed if we weren’t there” before 2020.

Flexible-fuel vehicles

North American market

The E85, FlexFuel, Chevrolet Impala LT 2009.

GM produces several flexible-fuel vehicles that can operate on E85 ethanol fuel or gasoline, or any blend of both. Since 2006 GM started featuring a bright yellow gas cap to remind drivers of the E85 capabilities, and also using badging with the text “Flexfuel/E85 Ethanol” to clearly mark the car as an E85 FFV.

GM is the North American leader in E85 flex fuel vehicles, with over 3 million FlexFuel vehicles on the road in the U.S. As of 2009, GM offers 18 ethanol-enabled FlexFuel cars and trucks in the US, and produce more than one million new FlexFuel vehicles. GM’s goal is to have half of their annual vehicle production be E85 or biodiesel capable by 2012.

Despite the significant amount of flex fuel vehicles sold in the US and Canada, the percentage of users actually using ethanol has been very low as many owners are not aware they owned an E85 flex or not enough E85 fueling stations are available nearby, except for the Corn Belt states, where there is a great concentration of E85 stations, as most corn ethanol is produced there. A 2005 survey found that 68% of American flex-fuel car owners were not aware they owned an E85 flex. Several critics have argued that GM and the other American automakers have been producing E85 flex models motivated by a loophole in the CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) requirements, that allows for a fuel economy credit for every flex-fuel vehicle sold, whether or not in practice these vehicles are fueled with E85. This loophole might have allowed the car industry to meet the CAFE targets in fuel economy just by spending between USD 100 to USD 200 that it cost to turn a conventional vehicle into a flex-fuel, without investing in new technology to improve fuel economy, and saving them the potential fines for not achieving that standard in a given model year.

Brazilian market

Brazilian Chevrolet Celta FlexPower.

GM’s largest overseas subsidiary is General Motors do Brasil, which started producing flexible-fuel vehicles since its inception in the Brazilian market in 2003. Like other Brazilian flex-fuel vehicles, GM’s flex fuel cars and light-duty trucks are optimized to run on any mix of E20-E25 gasoline and up to 100% hydrous ethanol fuel (E100). GM launched its first flex fuel in June 2003, the Chevrolet Corsa 1.8 FlexPower, just two months after the first flex car was launched by another Brazilian carmaker.

GM do Brasil also introduced the MultiPower engine in August 2004, which was capable of using natural gas (CNG), ethanol and gasoline (E20-E25 blend) as fuel, and it was used in the multifuel Chevrolet Astra 2.0 model 2005, aimed at the local taxi cab market. The Brazilian GM Powertrain unit also developed the EconoFlex technology, used for the first time in the Chevrolet Prisma 1.4, which allows the flex fuel engine to maximize fuel economy and power.

Due to the success and rapid consumer acceptance of the flex versions, GM sold 192,613 flex vehicles and 135,636 gasoline-powered automobiles in 2005, jumping to 501,681 flex-fuel vehicles, while only 949 cars and 6,834 light trucks powered by gasoline were sold in 2007, and reaching new car sales of 535.454 flex fuels in 2008, representing 97 percent of all cars and light duty trucks sold in that year.

Philanthropy

Since 1996, General Motors has been the exclusive source of funding for Safe Kids USA’s “Safe Kids Buckle Up” program, a national initiative to ensure child automobile safety through education and inspection. Through 2002, the Pace Awards program led by GM, EDS, and SUN Microsystems, gave over $1.2 billion of in-kind contributions which includes computers to over 18 universities to support engineering education. In 2009, the GM led group has helped the Pace Awards program worldwide. General Motors is a leading contributor to charity. In 2004, GM gave $51,200,000 in cash contributions and $17,200,000 in-kind donations to charitable causes.

Politics

In the 2008 election cycle, General Motors contributed $802,414, with 52% of that amount going to the Democrats and 48% to the Republicans. GM’s Saturn division put up a display at the 2009 Detroit Auto Show congratulating Barack Obama on his election as the first African-American president of the United States.

Environmental issues

In the middle of 1999, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) removed 23,000 cubic yards (18,000 m3) of contaminated sediments and soil from the General Motors site in Massena, New York for disposal at a licensed facility in Utah. The amount contained 13,000 cubic yards (9,900 m3) of contaminated sediments dredged from the St. Lawrence River. The sediments had been stored on the site since 1995. There was also 10,000 cubic yards (7,600 m3) of contaminated sludge from the active wastewater treatment plant on the General Motors property. The Political Economy Research Institute ranks GM 18th among corporations emitting airborne pollutants in the United States. The ranking is based on the emission quantity (8 million pounds in 2005) and toxicity.

In September 2006, the state of California filed suit against General Motors, Chrysler, Nissan, Toyota, Honda, and Ford. The companies were accused of producing cars that emitted over 289 million metric tons of carbon per year in the United States, accounting for nearly 20% of carbon emissions in the United States and 30% of carbon emissions in California. This lawsuit was dismissed by a judge in September 2007.

The Union of Concerned Scientists ranked General Motors as seventh out of the eight world’s largest automakers in 2007 for environmental performance. The report noted that GM manufactured the most vehicles achieving 30 mpg-US (7.8 L/100 km; 36 mpg-imp) or better, but also the most vehicles under 15 mpg-US (16 L/100 km; 18 mpg-imp).

Brands and subsidiaries

Current brands (as of 2010)

Marque

Years used

Markets

Buick

1908resent

North America, China, Israel, Taiwan

Cadillac

1909resent

Global (except South America, India, SE Asia, Australia)

GMC

1912resent

North America, Middle East

Chevrolet

1917resent

Global (except Australia)

Vauxhall

1925resent

United Kingdom

Opel

1929resent

Europe (except UK), Russia, South Africa, Middle East, Singapore

Holden

1948resent

Australia, New Zealand, Middle East (not Kuwait), South Korea, South Africa, UK

Daewoo

2002resent

South Korea, Latin America, Europe

Defunct brands

Welch (19031911)

Rainier (19051911)

Welch-Marquette (see Marquette)

Cartercar (19051915)

Elmore (19091912)

Rapid Truck (19091912)

Reliance Truck (19091912)

Welch-Detroit (19101911)

Marquette (1912)

Peninsular (1912) (see Marquette)

Samson Tractor (19171922)

Scripps-Booth (19171923)

Marquette (1930)

Oakland (19091931)

Viking (19291931)

LaSalle (19271940)

McLaughlin (19181942)

Yellow Coach (19251943)

Beaumont (19661969)

Envoy (19601970)

Acadian (19621971)

Ranger (19681976)

Bedford Vehicles (19291987)

General Motors Diesel Division (19381987)

Passport (19881991)

Asna (1993)

Geo (19891997)

Oldsmobile (18932004)

Pontiac (1926-2010)

Saturn (19852010)

Hummer (19922010), after a failed sale to Sichuan Tengzhong Heavy Industrial Machinery Company Ltd

Sold brands

Frigidaire (19191979), sold to Ohio-based White Consolidated Industries

Lotus (19861993), sold to Luxembourgish A.C.B.N. Holdings S.A.

Saab (1989-2010), sold to Dutch supercar manufacturer Spyker Cars NV

Former affiliates

Fiat (20002005), GM owned 20% at one time with put option

Fuji Heavy Industries, manufacturer of Subaru (19992006), GM owned 20% at one time

Isuzu (19712006), GM owned 49% at one time

Suzuki (19812008), GM owned over 20% at one time

Spin-offs

GM Defense 19502003 was once part of General Motors Diesel Division and as General Dynamics Land Systems division of General Dynamics

Electro Motive Division of General Motors was also once part of General Motors Diesel Division and now known as Electro-Motive Diesel

Detroit Diesel sold to Penske Corporation; broken up and portion sold to the former Daimler-Chrysler AG (now Daimler AG); now part of Daimler AG

Transit division was sold to Motor Coach Industries and Transportation Manufacturing Corporation

RTS and Classic bus rights owned by MCI And TMC were sold off to Nova Bus; now produced by Millennium Transit Services

Diesel Division of General Motors of Canada Limited spun off and later acquired by General Motors Canada as Diesel Division of General Motors of Canada Limited

EDS Electronic Data Systems

Hughes Electronics (Now The DirecTV Group[Liberty Media]

1999 GM spun off its parts making operations as Delphi

Subsidiaries

AC Delco

Adam Opel GmbH

Vauxhall Motors

GMAC (less than 10%)

General Motors Canada

General Motors do Brasil

General Motors India

Global Hybrid Cooperation

General Motors South Africa

GM-AvtoVAZ

GM Daewoo (70.1%)

General Motors Europe

GM Holden Ltd

GM Performance Division

GM Powertrain Europe

OnStar

Shanghai GM (50%)

SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile Joint venture in China.

See also

Companies portal

Automotive industry

People

Wayne Cherry

John DeLorean

Pierre S. du Pont

William C. Durant

Harley Earl

Robert Lutz

Irving Jacob Reuter

Alfred P. Sloan

Ray G. Young

Books and films

Final Offer 1985 Canadian TV documentary that shows the 1984 GM contract negotiations that resulted in the union split of the Canadian arm of the UAW.

Roger & Me 1989 American documentary film directed by independent filmmaker/author Michael Moore (his first). The film criticizes General Motors for closing down its factories in Moore’s home-town of Flint, Michigan, despite record profits. After many Flint residents lose jobs at GM, Moore claims, the town descends into economic chaos.

Who Killed the Electric Car? 2006 documentary film written and directed by Chris Paine that explores the creation, limited commercialization, and subsequent destruction of the battery electric vehicle in the U.S., specifically the General Motors EV1 of the 1990s.

Industry associations

Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers

United States Council for Automotive Research

Competitions

EcoCAR

Lists

List of GM engines

List of GM factories

List of GM platforms

List of GM transmissions

Category

GM vehicles by brand

Lawsuits

GM Instrument Cluster Settlement

References

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^ Beene, Ryan (April 1, 2009). “How a ‘Section 363′ sale creates a new GM”. Automotive News (Crain Communications, Inc.). http://www.autonews.com/article/20090401/ANA02/904019958. Retrieved July 12, 2009.

^ 11 U.S.C. ch.3 subch.IV

^ a b Stoll, John D.; David McLaughlin (July 2, 2009). “General Motors Aims for IPO Next Year”. Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124646098696280443.html. Retrieved July 10, 2009.

^ “Court Documents and Claims Register”. Motors Liquidation Company. July 10, 2009. http://www.motorsliquidation.com.

^ Isidore, Chris. “GM out of bankruptcy as new company is formed – Jul. 10, 2009″. Money.cnn.com. http://money.cnn.com/2009/07/10/news/companies/new_gm/?postversion=2009071016. Retrieved 2009-07-13.

^ GM results 11/16/09

^ “FACTBOX: General Motors bankruptcy filing”. Reuters. 2009-06-01. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5502VY20090601. Retrieved 2009-07-09.

^ “EERE News: Restructured GM to Build a New Small Car in the United States”. Apps1.eere.energy.gov. http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=12550. Retrieved 2009-06-06.

^ Johnson, Kimberly S. (2009-08-27). “GM to remove its mark from vehicles to emphasize brand”. Usatoday.Com. http://www.usatoday.com/money/autos/2009-08-25-gm-logo_N.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-12.

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^ “GM Media Online”. Media.gm.com. 2007-01-03. http://media.gm.com/servlet/GatewayServlet?target=http://image.emerald.gm.com/gmnews/viewmonthlyreleasedetail.do?domain=6&docid=31596. Retrieved 2009-06-01.

^ “GM Media Online”. Media.gm.com. 2009-01-05. http://media.gm.com/servlet/GatewayServlet?target=http://image.emerald.gm.com/gmnews/viewpressreldetail.do?domain=2&docid=51161. Retrieved 2009-06-01.

^ “Chevrolet, Buick, GMC and Cadillac Post Sales Gains – DETROIT, Jan 5. /PRNewswire/”. Michigan: Prnewswire.com. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/chevrolet-buick-gmc-and-cadillac-post-sales-gains-80720277.html. Retrieved 2010-02-18.

^ “GM Cancels All Future Full-Size SUVs”. Worldcarfans. http://www.worldcarfans.com/9081028.003/gm-cancels-all-future-full-size-suvs. Retrieved 2009-06-01.

^ 19:57:37. “@Mail.Ru”. Auto.mail.ru. http://auto.mail.ru/text.html?id=27985. Retrieved 2009-06-01.

^ Vlasic, Bill; Nick Bunkley (2008-10-25). “General Motors, Driven to the Brink”. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/26/business/26jane.html. Retrieved 2008-10-27.

^ Bunkley, Nick; Bill Vlasic (2008-12-23). “Nearly the End of the Line for S.U.V.”. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/24/business/24auto.html. Retrieved 2008-12-23.

^ “Restructured GM to Build a New Small Car in the United States”. United States Department of Energy. June 3, 2009. http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=12550.

^ “Canadian auto industry gets bailout too”. CNN.com. http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/12/20/canada.auto.bailout/index.html. Retrieved 2009-07-13.

^ 1:25 p.m. ET (2006-05-15). “In China, Buick bucks the trend – Nightly News with Brian Williams- msnbc.com”. MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12801549/ns/nightly_news_with_brian_williams/. Retrieved 2009-10-12.

^ GM’s Cost – Auto News Report

^ “Welcome to the UAW-GM Center for Human Resources”. UAW-GM Joint Activity System. Retrieved on June 19, 2007.

^ “GM Media Online”. Media.gm.com. 2008-06-03. http://media.gm.com/servlet/GatewayServlet?target=http://image.emerald.gm.com/gmnews/viewmonthlyreleasedetail.do?domain=3&docid=46161. Retrieved 2009-06-01.

^ “This page is available to GlobePlus subscribers”. Theglobeandmail.com. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20080728.RGM28/TPStory/Business. Retrieved 2009-06-01.

^ Thomas, Cal. “Cal Thomas Official Web Site – BREAKDOWN”. Calthomas.com. http://www.calthomas.com/index.php?news=2427. Retrieved 2009-06-01.

^ America’s First Turbine Car

^ GM workers lobbying for less-stringent CAFE rule

^ Tom Higgs, “Patents General Motors”. October 17, 2008

^ “GM’s Hybrid Propulsion System for Transit Buses”. http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/300_hybrids/index_bus.html. Retrieved 2007-05-22.

^ Valdes-Dapena, Peter GM gets on the hybrid highway, CNNMoney, April 23, 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-06.

^ “GM to roll out two-seat, urban electric prototype | detnews.com | The Detroit News”. detnews.com. http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090407/AUTO01/904070332/1148/&source=nletter-business. Retrieved 2009-06-01.

^ “GM Media Online”. Media.gm.com. 2008-09-16. http://media.gm.com/servlet/GatewayServlet?target=http://image.emerald.gm.com/gmnews/viewpressreldetail.do?domain=827&docid=48589. Retrieved 2009-06-01.

^ “EERE News: GM to Buy Lithium-Ion Batteries for the Chevy Volt from LG Chem”. Apps1.eere.energy.gov. 2009-01-14. http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=12177. Retrieved 2009-06-01.

^ Tom Krisher, “GM steps up work on hydrogen cars”, BusinessWeek. June 15, 2007

^ Ken Thomas (2007-05-07). “‘Flex-fuel’ vehicles touted”. USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/money/autos/environment/2007-05-05-ethanolvehicles_N.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-15.

^ Christine Gable and Scott Gable. “Yellow E85 gas cap”. About.com: Hybrid Cars & Alt Fuels. http://alternativefuels.about.com/od/vehiclebuyingguide/ig/Alt-fuels—New-York-Auto-Show/Yellow-E85-gas-cap.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-18.

^ John Neff (2006-10-06). “More gas cap news: Chrysler going yellow for E85″. AutoBlog. http://www.autoblog.com/2006/08/10/more-gas-cap-news-chrysler-going-yellow-for-e85/. Retrieved 2008-10-08.

^ Sam Abuelsamid (2007-03-28). “AFVI: Ford confirms that all 2008 police interceptors will be flex-fuel”. AutobogGreen. http://www.autobloggreen.com/2007/03/28/afvi-ford-confirms-that-all-2008-police-interceptors-will-be-fl/. Retrieved 2008-10-08.

^ Christine Gable and Scott Gable. “2008 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 4WD LT2 flex-fuel truck test drive”. About.com: Hybrid Cars & Alt Fuels. http://alternativefuels.about.com/od/2008flexfuelreviews/fr/08SilveradoFFV_2.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-03.

^ Christine Gable and Scott Gable. “2007 Chevrolet Suburban 4WD 1500 LT test drive”. About.com: Hybrid Cars & Alt Fuels. http://alternativefuels.about.com/od/flexfuelffvreviews/fr/2007Suburban_2.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-03.

^ General Motors | Fuel Economy & Alternative Fuels – E85 Ethanol

^ National Renewable Energy Laboratory USDoE (2007-09-17). “Alternative and Advanced Vehicles: Flexible Fuel Vehicles”. Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center. http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/vehicles/flexible_fuel.html. Retrieved 2008-08-19.

^ a b Sperling, Daniel and Deborah Gordon (2009). Two billion cars: driving toward sustainability. Oxford University Press, New York. pp. 73743. ISBN 978-0-19-537664-7.

^ a b Goettemoeller, Jeffrey; Adrian Goettemoeller (2007). Sustainable Ethanol: Biofuels, Biorefineries, Cellulosic Biomass, Flex-Fuel Vehicles, and Sustainable Farming for Energy Independence. Prairie Oak Publishing, Maryville, Missouri. pp. 5661. ISBN 978-0-9786293-0-4.

^ a b Alexei Barrionuevo and Micheline Maynard (2006-08-31). “Dual-Fuel Vehicles Open Mileage Loophole for Carmakers”. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/31/business/31loophole.html?emc=eta1. Retrieved 2008-10-22.

^ Inslee, Jay; Bracken Hendricks (2007). Apollo’s Fire. Island Press, Washington, D.C.. pp. 153155, 160161. ISBN 978-1-59726-175-3.  See Chapter 6. Homegrown Energy.

^ “Bumpy ride for biofuels”. Economist. 2008-01-18. http://www.economist.com/science/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10551762. Retrieved 2008-09-14.

^ “Volkswagen to stop making gas-only cars for Brazil”. Automotive News. 2006-03-23. http://www.autonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060323/REUTERS/60323043/1111. Retrieved 2008-10-18.

^ “Chevrolet Apresenta seu Novo Motor 1.8 Flexpower, mais Potente e Econmico” (in Portuguese). 2005-09-22. http://www.jornalexpress.com.br/noticias/detalhes.php?id_jornal=9095&id_noticia=2275. Retrieved 2009-04-18.

^ GNVNews (November 2006). “Montadores Investem nos Carros GNV” (in Portuguese). Institutio Brasileiro de Petroleo e Gas. http://www.bigas.com.br/sistema/?modulo=gnvnews&acao=abrir&id=22. Retrieved 2009-04-19.

^ “Astra lder no segmento dos compactos em 2004: As verses do Chevrolet Astra 2005″ (in Portuguese). Journal Express. 2005-01-18. http://www.jornalexpress.com.br/noticias/detalhes.php?id_jornal=9095&id_noticia=1703. Retrieved 2009-04-19.

^ “1.4 Econo.Flex, o motor que pulsa forte no corao do Prisma, o novo sed Chevrolet” (in Portuguese). Chevrolet (Brazil). http://www3.chevrolet.com.br/noticias/noticia.do?acao=id&idNoticia=534. Retrieved 2009-04-18.

^ “Tabela 08 – Vendas Atacado Mercado Interno por Tipo e Empresa – Combustvel Flex Fuel – 2005″ (in Portuguese) (PDF). ANFAVEA – Associao Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veculos Automotores (Brazil). http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2005/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf. Retrieved 2009-04-16.  See Table 08 for flex-fuel sales and Table 07 for gasoline sales.

^ “Tabela 08 – Vendas Atacado Mercado Interno por Tipo e Empresa – Combustvel Flex Fuel – 2007″ (in Portuguese) (PDF). ANFAVEA – Associao Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veculos Automotores (Brazil). http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2007/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf. Retrieved 2009-04-16.  See Table 08 for flex-fuel sales and Table 07 for gasoline sales.

History

The Nikola Tesla museum is housed in a residential villa built in 1927 according to the project of Dragia Braovan, a distinguished Serbian architect. The building was used for various purposes until December 5, 1952, when Nikola Tesla Museum was founded in accordance with the decision of the Government of the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia. The material for the museum was taken from New York in 1949 and arrived in Belgrade as a result of efforts by Sava Kosanovic (KGB agent, codename “KOLO”, see American Espionage and Project Venona) and his attorney Wittenberg. It is often claimed that this was “Dr. Tesla’s wish”, however, no legal instrument or documentation in Tesla’s own writing has ever been found to substantiate this, nor has the museum ever let an independent, unbiased researcher to verify these records. It is significant that it is out of standard archival practice that Nikola Tesla’s work is contained outside of the original geographical context in which his life occurred. Tesla was an American citizen, and considered his prize possession to be his naturalization papers. To contrast, Tesla spent only 31 hours of his entire life in Serbia. Over the past 50 years, a great deal of his paper have suffered water damage from neglect, leading many historians to consider it a great disservice to Tesla that his trunks ever left New York. With renewed worldwide interest in Dr. Tesla’s work’s access is expected to be forthcoming, however, it is certain that many original documents have been lost, stolen, censored, uncataloged, or damaged.
Today

Nikola Tesla Museum is a unique institution of science and culture in Serbia and in the world. It is the only museum in the world which preserves the original and personal inheritance of Nikola Tesla. The director of the Museum is Vladimir Jelenkovi.

Exhibitions

The permanent exhibition was arranged in 1955. From time to time there were some modifications, but the basic concept remained the same. In its first part it is primarily a memorial exhibition, while in the second part it is an interactive one, with three-dimensional models of Tesla’s inventions. From time to time the museum organizes thematic exhibitions of documents, photographs and other material, in order to display some periods from Tesla’s inventive work or life.

esla’s everyday life

The Nikola Tesla Museum has prepared an exhibition called esla’s everyday life that contains a collection of textiles and various things used in everyday life in order to celebrate the 150th birthday of Nikola Tesla in Belgrade in 2006.

Reconstruction

The Nikola Tesla Museum is currently under reconstruction. The reconstruction on the building started November 3, 2006 and the first phase of the project will be complete by the end of 2006. The garden on the roof of the museum will be closed from the outside by glass windows, which will turn the roof into a computer room.

Sightseeing

The museum is divided into 7 separate rooms, with different themes, exponents, photographs and even the ashes of Nikola Tesla.

Room 1 – Nikola Tesla: a man and a creator

The life story of Nikola Tesla begins with the large-scale photograph from the period of studies in Graz (Austria). Three personal documents are placed under the photograph:

his birth certificate, his Abitur certificate from the secondary school at Karlovac, and the passport he travelled with to New York in 1894. There is also a photograph of the house which was his birthplace, and of the church where his father was the parish priest. This photograph illustrates his origin and the start of his life. A series of selected letters, placed on both sides of the photograph, witnesses the highest acknowledgements expressed to Tesla by the greatest scientists of his time: Einstein, Crookes, Kelvin, Rntgen, Millican, Popov, Pupin, Lee de Forest, Compton, Kennelly, Armstrong, etc.

Room 2 – Personal things and correspondence

Some small things from Tesla’s personal effects are selected to depict his exceptional personality, way of living and relations with other people. In the show-cases are his hat, his travelling bag and small every-day items such as invitations, theatre entrance tickets, membership cards etc.

As the most valuable souvenir he kept the piece of needlework made by his mother, the embroidered bag typical for his native land Lika.

Selected documents and photographs from the abundant correspondence with his friends, writers and artists (George Westinghouse, Mark Twain, Robert U. Johnson, and others) are also in the show-case.

Records of Tesla’s visit to Belgrade in 1892 in Belgrade newspapers of that time are also displayed, as well as the letters from Laza Kostic, a distinguished Serbian poet.

The photographs of Tesla’s closest relatives – father Milutin, sisters Marica, Angelina and Milka, uncle Nikola and grand-grandfather Toma are displayed in a separate show-case.

The documents on his death and burial in New York in 1943 are exposed in the last show-case.

Room 3 – Urn with Tesla’s ashes

In the third room of the Museum, in the gold-plated sphere on the marble pedestal is the urn with Tesla’s ashes. After death Tesla was cremated and the urn was transferred to Belgrade in 1957.

Room 4 – “Fairy tale on electricity”

Tesla’s fairy tale on electricity – an historical survey of man’s achievement in exploring secrets of electricity; patents in the field of electro-energetic – Tesla’s invention of poly-phase induction motor and a model of his system of production, transmission and distribution of electrical energy; patents in the field of high potential technic – oil transformers, and in the field of mechanical engineering – turbines

Room 5 – The polyphase system and its application

A series of interactive models illustrating the origin of the idea of the rotating magnetic field has also been exhibited: rotation of a copper plate by induced currents, the experiment of Arago from 1825, then the Baily motor with commutated direct currents and static electromagnets (1879) and Tesla two-phase generator together with the models of synchronous and asynchronous motor operated by two-phase alternate currents.

The hydraulic analogy, made according to an idea of Tesla, acquaints visitors with his conception of the physical principles of the rotating magnetic field visually demonstrating the vectorial addition of two identical sine curves, perpendicular to each other, with the phase difference of 90.

In 1893, at the World Exhibition in Chicago, Tesla had presented his witty model of the induction motor with egg-shaped rotor. This model, together with the working model of the first “genuine” induction motor with short-circuit rotor, depicts the most important part of the Tesla polyphase system.

The patents of Nikola Tesla laid the foundation for the construction of new generators of polyphase currents. It has also been witnessed by the plaque of one of the generators of the hydro-power plant at Niagara Falls (1899), placed next to the model of the hydro-energetic system. The date of bringing the first generators in this power plant into service marks the date of the beginning of electrification of the world. The small-scale model of the hydro-energetic system with three-phase currents placed in this room demonstrates all the essential elements of this invention of Nikola Tesla.

The story about Tesla’s inventions is continued with the paddle-less turbine, pump and speed indicator constructed 1913 – 1916 on the same principle. Tesla had occupied himself more than twenty years trying to improve them, and it was not until the end of 20th century that these inventions began attracting attention and comprehension among scientists and engineers.

Room 6 – The Cordless Tesla Transformer

The exhibits depicting Tesla’s inventions in the field of currents of high frequency and high potential are the most interesting ones in the Museum.

It seems today almost inconceivable that Tesla a century ago succeeded to produce alternating currents of several tens of thousands cycles per second and several million volts. With these currents he experimented in his laboratory in New York and later at Colorado Springs. The results of these experiments are even today inspiring for researchers in the whole world, especially after Nikola Tesla Museum has published his “Colorado Springs Notes”.

In the contemporary world [such oscillators and] high-frequency currents are being applied in radio engineering, industry and medicine, in accordance with Tesla’s farsighted anticipation.

The high-frequency oscillator coupled with a great transformer is placed in the middle of the room. It was built in 1955, in accordance with the technical descriptions from Colorado Springs. Its potential reaches roughly 200 000 volts and for half a century impresses visitors and fascinates children.

Beside the great oscillator there is also a smaller one, such as Tesla used in experiments with electrical discharges in tubes filled with rarefied gases. The results of these experiments laid foundations for the contemporary fluorescent illumination. These experiments are not sufficiently known even among specialists. Likewise it is also unknown that W. Roentgen was fascinated with X-ray images of human body he received from Tesla, obtained with X-ray tubes operated with high-frequency currents.

Tesla performed his most significant experiments with currents of high frequency and high potential in the field of wireless transmission of energy. The model of four resonant circuits displays the results which laid the foundations of wireless transmissions. Next to the model is the quotation from the verdict of the U.S. Supreme Court of 1943, granting the inventions of Nikola Tesla in this field precedence over those of G. Marconi.

Room 7 – Remote control and awards

The investigations and results of Nikola Tesla in the field of remote control are displayed with the reconstructed working model of a small boat. Such a boat he used in his experiments in 1898 in New York to demonstrate the possibilities of wireless control of moving of mechanical devices (vehicles, boats, etc.).

Anticipating with his inventions and experiments in this field, the development of remote control, Tesla was much ahead of his time. The large-scale photograph of his “World wireless station” at Long Island near New York depicts his intention to construct a transmitting station for particular purposes. According to his conception, that station built in 1900 was planned to transmit not only news but also music and photographs. However, this great plan remained unrealized.

Awards

Numerous decorations, honorary diplomas and awards exhibited in the last part of the exhibition symbolize the significance of his inventions. However, the greatest award was granted to him post-mortem by the International Commission for Electrical Engineering at its session in Philadelphia in 1960. The Commission decided to give the name “tesla” to the unit of magnetic induction. In this way Tesla became equally ranked with such outstanding scientists as Volta, Amper, Faraday, Kelvin, etc.

The death-mask of Nikola Tesla is the last exhibit, and next to it is the quotation of the American inventor E. Armstrong: “The World, I think, will wait a long time for Nikola Tesla’s equal in achievement and imagination.”

References

^ “Nikola Tesla’s Archive”. UNESCO Memory of the World Programme. 2008-05-16. http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=23168&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html. Retrieved 2009-12-10.

See also

Belgrade

Nikola Tesla

External links

Nikola Tesla Museum – Official Web-site

v  d  e

Belgrade

Municipalities

Barajevo ukarica Grocka Lazarevac Mladenovac Novi Beograd Obrenovac Palilula Rakovica Savski Venac Sopot Stari Grad Surin Vodovac Vraar Zemun Zvezdara

Landmarks

Avala TV Tower Republic Square Pobednik Prince Michael Street Kalemegdan Nikola Pai Square House of Flowers Gates of Belgrade Slavija Square Students Square Monument to the Unknown Hero Beograanka Topider Belgrade Synagogue Bajrakli Mosque Novo groblje

Palaces and castles

Royal Compound (White Palace Royal Palace) Old Palace Countess Ljubica’s Residence Prince Milo’s Residence Despot Stefan Tower Captain Mia’s Mansion

Churches

St. Sava St. Michael’s Cathedral St. Mark’s Church Fenek monastery Zemun monastery

Culture

National Theatre in Belgrade Sava Centar Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra Belgrade Drama Theatre Yugoslav Drama Theatre Madlenianum Opera and Theatre Atelje 212 Boko Buha Theatre Belgrade Book Fair National Library of Serbia

Museums

Belgrade City Museum Ethnographic Museum Museum of African Art Museum of Applied Arts Museum of Contemporary Art Military Museum Museum of Theatrical Arts of Serbia Museum of Aviation in Belgrade Museum of Natural History National Museum of Serbia Nikola Tesla Museum Railway Museum

Education

Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts University of Belgrade University of Arts in Belgrade Megatrend University Union University Belgrade Law School Ilija M. Kolarac Endowment

Sport centers

Belgrade Arena Pionir Hall Hala sportova Stadion Crvena Zvezda Partizan Stadium Tamajdan Sports Centre Zemun Stadium Omladinski Stadion Stadion Kralj Petar I Obili Stadium Hala Pinki

Transport

Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport Belgrade bypass Beovoz Belgrade Metro Belgrade tram system

People

List of people from Belgrade

Coordinates: 444818 202815 / 44.805066676667N 20.470719454444E / 44.805066676667; 20.470719454444

Nikola Tesla Museum – Official MySpace profile

One of the worst fears that every computer user has to live with is that of encountering serious problems with a computer hard drive or the operating system ‘ problems that could force them to reformat the entire hard drive or to reinstall the operating system. This not only means having to take careful backups of all the important data that is stored on the computer but also being ready with recovery tools that will help in case one is unable to recover data after restoring the computer. For example, if you have been using Microsoft Outlook, all your important data will be stored in Personal Storage Tables (PST files). This would include data such as email messages, appointments, project updates, contacts and address books, notes, journals and much more. It would be a disaster if you find that you are unable to read your PST file after you restore your computer and need to look around for a repair tool to recover PST files.

Most computer manufacturers now make the task of restoring your computer or of reinstalling software, as hassle free as possible. Towards this end, they provide Recovery CDs that make it easy for you to restore your system to its original factory settings. However, since this will result in a loss of almost all the data that is currently stored on the computer, users are always urged to take sufficient backups of the data stored, especially of all the important data. Once your computer has been restored or the operating system has been reinstalled, you should be able to recover the data from these backups.

However, many Outlook users have found that they invariably face problems while importing an old PST file into Outlook after a computer restore and that they need to recover PST files before being able to access them.

The most common error messages that they encounter while trying to access the data from the old PST file are as follows:

·        ‘(0x8004010f): ‘The operation failed. An object could not be found.’

·        ‘File access is denied. You do not have permission required to access the file c:path_name.’

These error messages typically indicate that there has been some corruption in the PST files either while backing up or on the media that has been used to store the PST file. This kind of corruption could be due to an incomplete recovery of the PST file or missing parity bits.

One of the best ways to restore PST files that are believed to be corrupted is by running the ScanPST.exe tool that Microsoft Outlook provides. This tool is often very effective in correcting minor errors that arise due to small levels of corruption and you may find that you are able to access your PST file after having run this tool.
However, if your PST file remains inaccessible even after you run the ScanPST.exe tool you may need to turn to third-party tools such as Advanced Outlook Repair from DataNumen to recover PST and recover all your old data from the file.

Co., Ltd. was established in 1984, since the product entered the market, with unique design advantages and advanced management concepts, have achieved rapid development of the business. In terms of products has become a professional basketball shoes, football shoes, running shoes, tennis shoes, casual shoes, sports shoes and sports etc. series of clothing mainly to sports bags, caps, socks, glasses, protective gear, balls and many other series supplemented by sporting goods chain.

In personnel and business, the Philharmonic after nearly twenty years and currently employs more than 4,000 people have 6 automatic production lines, and the introduction of advanced machinery and testing equipment imported footwear has been adopted international quality management system standard of ISO9001-2000 quality system certification and accreditation, security products of high quality production.

Since 1992, was famous product Philharmonic product experience, the best-selling products, quality reliable product, free products and many other national awards, and in 1998, the Philharmonic shoes become the designated product and the Chinese Athletics Association National Long Distance Team specifies shoes, won the society’s widely recognized and consumers.

Philharmonic now has more than 3,000 sales outlets nationwide and more than 30 offices in 2004, annual sales of more than 3.5 million pairs. At present, the Philharmonic has maintained the cause of the rapid development and growth momentum.

20 years, a short span. The difficult early days, the rough road of development, 20-year wind, frost, snow and rain, Philharmonic has been working in the journey, hard work. Accumulate in 2004, the brand Philharmonic had a long hard journey ushered in the glorious history of the development milestone year. With Stephen Chow grand Mr signed Philharmonic to build a center opening of the Shanghai market, the brand was renamed after the operation, Philharmonic a link and one, step by step to the pinnacle of the domestic sports industry toward nationalization. “Love sports, really happy” that, with the Philharmonic were relentless pursuit and efforts to achieve eternal heart Philharmonic will peak between the sport of dreams.

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News articles Philharmonic after 20 years of ups and downs, Accumulate, since 2003 the rapid growth stage, and gradually the peak of the industry step by step forward. May 2004, Philharmonic in Shanghai held an unprecedented large-scale press conference. The conference, on the one hand the public face of a high-profile media announcement with Stephen Chow signed cooperation of Mr., on the other hand to operate the industry announced a comprehensive brand Philharmonic began, is generally considered a milestone in the history of Philharmonic important meeting.

During the meeting, more than 1,500 music fans from around the country participated in the sale of the elite discuss the issues that they and the senior leadership Philharmonic common vision on the Philharmonic’s long development plan, and at the macro-and micro-architecture implementation of the broad consensus reached. In addition, more than 40 professionals from the country, the public authority of the media tracking agency reported the event the Philharmonic, and the first time after making a detailed report significantly positive, which has aroused widespread concern.

Advertising articles Power of the media is infinite, Philharmonic on the road in the brand know that, since 2000, Philharmonia has been accumulated for the cost of advertising more than 50 million yuan, involving the media include a number of CCTV Channel, Hunan Satellite TV and a number of domestic heavyweight film media agencies, while still a year of professional, popular newspapers and magazines published hundreds of articles related story. Key areas of marketing in the Philharmonic, all kinds of outdoor signs, light boxes, vehicle advertising is also the Philharmonic in recent years, the main form of advertising. Proved an effective advertising plan for the Philharmonic to open up the market further to create a good atmosphere, laying a solid foundation.

Marketing articles

A variety of promotions that directly affect one of the important factors of marketing, Philharmonic since 2000, to explore innovative and effective form of country-wide promotion and achieved a good market returns. 2003 Dry Dragon, promotional text messages in 2004, won awards, visit the Hong Kong Philharmonic for free, “easy to see through, double happiness”, “answer to win the Olympic Award” and other activities, are among the majority of consumers has caused a tremendous response, creating excellent sales results.